Kodi matanthauzo a makina osungira mphamvu angasinthe?

Yankho lalifupi ndi inde. Ndipo yankho lalitali ndi inde, koma ndi pafupifupi nyenyezi khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zophatikizidwa.

Ngati mwakhala mukuwerenga zikalata zamalamulo, zolemba zofunikira, kapena zolemba zofufuzira za kusungirako mphamvu, mwina mwawona zosamvetsetseka: palibe amene akuwoneka kuti akuvomereza zomwe zimafunikira ngati "dongosolo yosungirako mphamvu." Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ili ndi mtundu wake. Dipatimenti ya Zamagetsi ili ndi ina. California ili ndi yake. Texas samasamala makamaka zomwe California akuganiza. Ndipo penapake m'magazini yamaphunziro, pali pulofesa akutsutsa kuti onse akulakwitsa.

Uku sikungosankha semantic. Momwe mumafotokozera makina osungira mphamvu zimatsimikizira yemwe ali woyenera kulandira misonkho, mapulojekiti omwe amaloledwa, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pamawerengero ovomerezeka, komanso ngati kuyika kwa batire la kampani yanu kumawerengedwa molingana ndi zomwe boma liyenera kuchita. Mamiliyoni a madola amasinthasintha pa matanthauzo awa.

Dziwani zambiri

Malingaliro owongolera

FERC Order 841, yomwe idatulutsidwa mu 2018, idatsegula misika yayikulu kuti itenge nawo gawo losunga mphamvu. Lamuloli lidatanthauzira zida zosungiramo magetsi ngati zida zomwe zimatha "kulandira mphamvu zamagetsi kuchokera ku gridi ndikusunga kuti jekeseni pambuyo pake mphamvu yamagetsi kubwerera ku gridi." Zosavuta mokwanira. Pokhapokha tanthauzo limeneli likupatula mwadala zochunira zina-monga kumbuyo-kwa-zosungirako zamamita zomwe sizikhudza misika yamisika-ndikupangitsa kusamveka bwino pamakina osakanizidwa.

IRS imatenga njira yosiyana kwathunthu. Pazolinga za Ngongole ya Misonkho ya Investment, chofunikira ndichakuti chipangizo chosungira chimalipitsidwa kwambiri (kuposa 80%) kuchokera kumalo oyenerera ongowonjezedwanso. Ukadaulo wakuthupi sulowa nawo zokambirana. Batire ya lithiamu-yomwe yachangidwa kuchokera ku mapanelo adzuwa imagwira ntchito mosiyana kwambiri ndi batire yomweyi yomwe imayimitsidwa kuchokera pagululi, ngakhale kuti imakhala yogwira ntchito mofanana.

 

State-kugawika kwa magawo

California's Public Utilities Commission imagwiritsa ntchito{{0}kutengera ma thresholds. Ntchito zawo zogulira mphamvu zosungiramo mphamvu, zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa pansi pa AB 2514, zimakhazikitsa zofunikira zochepa za mphamvu zomwe zida ziyenera kukwaniritsa. Tanthauzoli limaphatikizapo madzi opopa, mpweya woponderezedwa, mabatire, mawilo oyendera ndege, ndi malo otenthetsera mafuta-koma mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kumene makinawo amalumikizira ku gridi.

Njira yaku New York ndi yanthawi-yokhazikika. Kutanthauzira kwawo kosungirako kochuluka kumafuna machitidwe kuti apereke osachepera maola awiri otuluka mosalekeza pamlingo wovotera. Izi zikupatula katundu wambiri wama frequency omwe amazungulira mwachangu koma osatha kutulutsa.

Pakadali pano, Texas (chifukwa, Texas ndi yosiyana) siyikulamula kusungirako konse. ERCOT imagwira mabatire ngati zida zam'badwo zomwe zili ndi zovuta zina zogwirira ntchito, popanda kukhazikitsa gulu lotanthauzira.

Tanthauzo laukadaulo motsutsana ndi magwiridwe antchito

Apa ndi pamene zimakhala zosokoneza kwenikweni.

Akatswiri amatanthawuza kusungirako mphamvu motengera momwe zilili: mabatire a electrochemical amasunga ndalama pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, masitolo opopera amadzi opopera mphamvu yokoka, makina ophatikizika amasungira mphamvu m'mapanga apansi panthaka, ma flywheel amasunga mphamvu zozungulira. Awa ndi matanthauzo otengera fizikisi{1}. Konkire. Zoyezedwa.

Ogwiritsa ntchito ma gridi amasamala kwambiri zomwe kusungirako kumachita. Kodi imatha kuthamanga mwachangu? Kodi imapereka ma frequency regulation? Kodi ikhoza kupititsa patsogolo kumeta kwapamwamba? Batire ya 100 MW yomwe imatuluka kwa mphindi 15 imawoneka yosiyana kwambiri ndi batire ya 100 MW yomwe imatuluka kwa maola 4, ngakhale amagawana mphamvu yomweyo.

EIA imasonkhanitsa deta pogwiritsa ntchito njira zonse ziwiri-zopereka lipoti la mphamvu ya nameplate mu ma megawati pamodzi ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu mu megawatthours. Malipoti apawiriwa ndi anzeru kwambiri, chifukwa amafotokoza mkangano womwe ulipo pakati pa mphamvu-ndi mphamvu-zotanthauzira. Koma zimasiyabe milandu ina yam'mphepete yosathetsedwa.

Funso la hydrogen

Kodi hydrogen mphamvu yosungirako?

Mwaukadaulo, inde. Electrolyzers amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi kugawa madzi kukhala haidrojeni ndi oxygen. Hydrojeni imeneyo pambuyo pake ikhoza kuwotchedwa kapena kudutsa mu cell cell kuti ipangenso magetsi. Mphamvu mkati, yosungidwa, mphamvu kunja. Classic yosungirako.

Koma haidrojeni sakhala m'gulu la mabatire komanso ma hydro opopedwa mumayendedwe owongolera. Kuchita bwino kwaulendo-ndi koyipa-mwina 30-40% kuyerekeza ndi 85-90% ya lithiamu-ion. Zofunikira za zomangamanga ndizosiyana kotheratu. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimakhala zonyamula katundu kapena mafakitale m'malo mwa ma gridi.

The DOE's Energy Storage Grand Challenge imaphatikizapo haidrojeni. Malamulo osungira ku California samatero. Malamulo a msika a FERC amachitira izo ... mosadziwika bwino. Ukadaulo womwewo, matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana, kutengera yemwe mumamufunsa.

Kutalika ngati chizindikiritso

Chinachake chosangalatsa chinachitika cha m'chaka cha 2020. Makampani opanga zinthu zosungira zinthu anayamba okha-kukonza nthawi yanthawi yake:

 

 

01.Kusungidwa kwakanthawi-kwakanthawi kochepa

(ochepera maola 4) adalumikizidwa ndi ma grid services-kuwongolera pafupipafupi, kusungitsa ma spinning reserve, kulimbitsa mphamvu. Machitidwewa amazungulira pafupipafupi, nthawi zina kambirimbiri tsiku lililonse.

02.Kusungirako-kwanthawi yayitali

(4+ maola, ndi kuyang'ana kwambiri pa 8-12+ machitidwe a maola) adagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa katundu ndi kugwirizanitsanso. The Long Duration Energy Storage Council idatulukanso ngati bungwe lolimbikitsa, lomwe limakuwuzani zina za momwe makampani amawonera malire awa.

Ofufuza ena tsopano akutsutsa gulu lachitatu:kusungirako nyengo, yokhoza kusunga mphamvu kwa milungu kapena miyezi. Ganizirani za haidrojeni yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera kumphepo yamkuntho yopitilira muyeso ndikudyedwa nthawi yachilimwe. Kapena nkhokwe zazikulu zapansi pa nthaka zotenthetsera. Gululi silinapezekebebe malonda, koma matanthauzo ake akukangana kale.

Chifukwa chiyani-malo amasokoneza chilichonse

Gawo lomwe likukula mwachangu-msika wosungirako zinthu ndi makina osakanizidwa{1}}mabatire ophatikizidwa ndi solar kapena mphepo. Ndipo izi zimapanga tanthawuzo lamutu.

Ngati chomera cha solar cha 100 MW chili ndi batire ya 50 MW, ndi izi:

Chomera cha dzuwa chosungirako?

Malo osungira omwe ali ndi kulipiritsa pamalopo?

Malo osakanizidwa amodzi?

Zinthu ziwiri zosiyana zomwe zimachitika kuti zigawane kulumikizana?

Yankho limakhudza mizere yolumikizirana, kulandira msonkho, kuvomereza mphamvu, komanso kuyitanitsa msika. Maulamuliro osiyanasiyana afika pamalingaliro osiyanasiyana.

FERC Order 2023 idayesa kumveketsa chithandizo chosakanizidwa munjira zolumikizirana, koma kukhazikitsa kumasiyana malinga ndi bungwe lopatsirana madera. Ma RTO ena amafunikira pempho lolumikizana losiyana pazosungirako. Ena amalola chithandizo chogwirizana. Kumpoto chakum'mawa kukuchita zosiyana ndi Kumwera chakumadzulo.

Pofika kumapeto kwa 2023, pafupifupi 70% yama projekiti atsopano a batri mumzere wolumikizirana waku US adalumikizidwa ndi kutulutsa kwa dzuwa. Malire otanthauzira pakati pa "m'badwo" ndi "malo osungira" akucheperachepera, ndipo zowongolera sizinakwaniritsidwe.

Kusiyana kwa mayiko

Musaganize kuti matanthauzo aku US akugwira ntchito kwina.

European Union's Clean Energy Package imawona zosungirako ngati gulu lazachuma lomwe lili ndi ma code awoake a netiweki komanso malamulo ofikira msika. Matanthauzo awo akuphatikiza mphamvu-zo{2}}katswiri wa gasi omwe nthawi zambiri amapatula ma framework aku US.

China imayika kusungirako mphamvu pansi pamagulu azachuma "zatsopano", ndikuwonjezera ma netiweki a 5G, malo opangira data, ndi kulipiritsa kwa EV. Ndondomeko yomasulira imathandizira zolinga zamakampani m'malo mopanga msika kapena ntchito za grid.

National Electricity Market ku Australia idapanga gulu la "bidirectional unit" makamaka la zosungira, kutsindika-njira ziwiri za magetsi. Mafelemuwa amasiyana ndi njira zaku US zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayamba kuchokera kumitundu-zofanana zapakati.

Izi sizosiyana chabe za mabungwe. Amapanga matekinoloje ati omwe amalandila ndalama, momwe makampani apadziko lonse lapansi amapangira-mapulojekiti odutsa malire, komanso ngati kufananitsa mayiko kuli kofunikira.

Vuto la kuyeza

Nazi zina zomwe sizikambidwa kawirikawiri: kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka komwe mumawona pamitu yankhani nthawi zambiri sikufanana.

EIA ikunena za kuchuluka kwa dzina la dzina-chiwerengero chochuluka chomwe wopanga amanenera. Koma mphamvu zenizeni zogwirira ntchito zimatengera kutentha, kuchuluka kwa ndalama, kuwonongeka, ndi mikhalidwe ya gridi. Batire ya nameplate ya 100 MW imatha kutulutsa 85-95 MW munthawi yake.

Maulamuliro ena amafotokoza kuchuluka komwe kwayikidwa (zomwe zilipo), pomwe ena amafotokoza kuchuluka kolumikizidwa (zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi gululi). Ochepa amafotokoza mphamvu zogwira ntchito (zosinthidwa kuti zizigwira ntchito). Kusiyana kwake kungakhale kwakukulu.

California imati 5,000 MW yakusungirako ndipo Texas ikupereka 3,000 MW, ziwerengerozi sizingafanane mwachindunji popanda kumvetsetsa tanthauzo lenileni. Ofufuza nthawi zambiri amalakwitsa izi.

Matanthauzo amakampani ndi azachuma

Mabanki, ma inshuwaransi, ndi mabungwe owerengera ngongole apanga matanthauzidwe awoawo osungira, omwe nthawi zambiri amayendetsedwa ndi kuwunika kwa ngozi m'malo mwaukadaulo.

Zolemba zandalama nthawi zambiri zimatanthawuza kusungirako pogwiritsa ntchito chitsimikizo cha magwiridwe antchito ndi ma curve owonongeka osati mtundu waukadaulo. Wobwereketsa amasamala ngati batire ikhalabe ndi kuchuluka kwa 80% pakadutsa zaka 10-chemistry imafunika kokha malinga ndi momwe imakhudzira chitsimikizocho.

Zomangamanga za ESG zikuphatikizanso kusungirako pansi pamagulu amagetsi oyera, koma mosiyanasiyana. Ena amawerengera grid-mabatire ochajiwa ngati ziro-akutulutsa. Ena amafunikira kulipiritsanso kuti ayenerere. The Science Based Targets Initiative ili ndi njira yakeyake.

Palibe matanthauzo amakampaniwa omwe amagwirizana bwino ndi matanthauzidwe owongolera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zinthu zosangalatsa ngati pulojekiti ndi "malo osungira" kaamba ka ndalama koma china chake pazamisonkho.

Tekinoloje zomwe zikubwera, matanthauzidwe omwe akubwera

Matanthauzidwe omwe alipo amalingalira magulu omwe sangakhalepo atakumana ndi matekinoloje awa. Owongolera adzasintha. Potsirizira pake. Mwina osati mwachisomo.

Ndiye izi zikutanthauza chiyani?

Zinthu zitatu zothandiza:

Choyamba, mukawona ziwerengero zosungirako, funsani tanthauzo lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito. Nameplate motsutsana ndi mphamvu zogwira ntchito? Mavoti a mphamvu ndi mphamvu? Ndi chiyani chomwe chikuphatikizidwa ndi kuchotsedwa? Nambala zopanda tanthauzo zili pafupi ndi zopanda tanthauzo.

Chachiwiri, zindikirani kuti kusiyanasiyana kwa matanthauzo sikungosokoneza-kumawonetsa zofunikira kwambiri. Mainjiniya amafuna luso laukadaulo. Ogwiritsa ntchito gridi akufuna kumveketsa bwino ntchito. Opanga ndondomeko amafuna magulu owongolera. Mabungwe azachuma amafuna njira zobweza mabanki. Zofunikira izi sizigwirizana mwachibadwa.

Chachitatu, yembekezerani kugawikana kopitilira muyeso. Msika wosungirako ukukula mwachangu kwambiri kuti ugwirizane ndi malamulo. California ipitiliza kuchita zinthu zaku California. FERC ipitiliza kupereka malamulo omwe mabungwe ena amatanthauzira mwaluso. Njira zapadziko lonse lapansi zidzasiyana kwambiri.

Funso "kosungirako mphamvu ndi chiyani?" amakhala alibe yankho limodzi. Izi ndizokhumudwitsa ngati mukufuna kumveka bwino. Koma ndi zoona.