Kutengera mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosungira mphamvu,matekinoloje osungira mphamvuakhoza kugawidwa m'magulu asanu: teknoloji yosungiramo mphamvu yamakina, teknoloji yosungiramo mphamvu ya electrochemical, teknoloji yosungiramo mphamvu zamagetsi, teknoloji yosungiramo mphamvu zamagetsi, ndi teknoloji yosungiramo mphamvu zamagetsi.
◇Ukadaulo wosungira mphamvu zamagetsi
◇Ukadaulo wosungira mphamvu zamagetsi
◇Ukadaulo wosungirako kutentha
Makina osungira mphamvu zamagetsi
Monga momwe zimadziwika bwino, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphamvu ya kinetic ndi mphamvu zomwe zingatheke zilipo m'chilengedwe, monga madzi oyenda, mphepo yachilengedwe, mafunde, ndi mafunde; zochita za anthu zimapanganso mphamvu zambiri za kinetic ndi zomwe zingatheke, monga kusuntha anthu, magalimoto, zombo, ndi madzi. Mphamvu zonsezi, zonse zomwe zimapangidwa m'chilengedwe komanso zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zochita za anthu, ndizo zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera. Mphamvu zamakina ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu za kinetic ndi mphamvu zomwe zingatheke, kuchuluka kwa thupi komwe kumayimira momwe chinthu chimayendera komanso kutalika kwa chinthu. Mphamvu ya kinetic ndi kuthekera kwa chinthu zitha kusinthidwa kukhala wina ndi mnzake; pakusinthana pakati pa mphamvu ya kinetic ndi mphamvu, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamakina kumakhalabe kosasintha, ndiko kuti, mphamvu zamakina zimasungidwa.
Kusungirako mphamvu zamakina ndi ukadaulo womwe umasintha mphamvu kukhala mphamvu yamakina kuti isungidwe ndikuisintha kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi ikafunika. Njira zodziwika bwino zosungira mphamvu zamakina zimaphatikizira kusungirako kwa hydro, kusungirako mpweya woponderezedwa, ndi kusungirako mphamvu ya flywheel. Matekinoloje osungira mphamvu zamakina nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zochulukirapo, kuyankha mwachangu, komanso moyo wautali wautumiki, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kuwongolera gridi ndi magetsi adzidzidzi. Nthawi yosungira ndi kukula kwake zimasiyana malinga ndi luso lamakono, kuyambira mphindi mpaka masiku, ndipo zimatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana zosungira mphamvu.
Kusungirako hydropomp:
Pompopompo hydro storage ndiyo njira yaukadaulo yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri-pazikulu zosungira mphamvu. Imagwiritsa ntchito magetsi popopa madzi kuchokera-pamalo ocheperako kupita kumalo okwera-yapamwamba, kusunga mphamvu zake zomwe zingatheke. Panthawi yofunikira kwambiri yamagetsi, madzi amamasulidwa kuti apange magetsi kudzera m'ma turbines. Njira imeneyi imasinthasintha kwambiri (nthawi zambiri 70% -85%), ndiyoyenera kuwongolera kusiyana kwapamwamba-kusiyana kwa zigwa mu gridi yamagetsi, ndipo imapereka malo osungira ambiri komanso kugwira ntchito mokhazikika.
Kusungirako kwapopu ya hydro nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kuphatikizika kwa gridi yamagetsi ongowonjezwdwanso, kusanja bwino komanso kusinthasintha kwa kufunikira, ndipo kumakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yosungira komanso kusungirako mwamphamvu. Mfundo yake ikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1-1.
Kusungirako mphamvu ya mpweya:
Kusungirako mphamvu ya mpweya kumaphatikizapo kupondereza mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito kompresa yoyendetsedwa ndi magetsi ndikuusunga m'mapanga apansi panthaka, akasinja, kapena zotengera zokakamiza. Pamene kufunika kwa magetsi kukuwonjezeka, mpweya wosungidwa wosungidwa umatulutsidwa, kutenthedwa, ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyendetsa turbine kupanga magetsi. Kusungirako mphamvu kwa mpweya kumapereka mphamvu zambiri-zosungirako nthawi yaitali{3}}zosungirako nthawi yaitali, zokhala ndi mphamvu zoyambira 50% mpaka 70%. Kuchita bwino kumeneku kungawongoleredwenso bwino tikaphatikizidwa ndi matekinoloje obwezeretsa kutentha. Ndi yoyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi -mafakitole akuluakulu opangira mphamvu zongowonjezwwdwanso kuti gridi ikhale yolimba komanso yokhazikika.
Kusungirako mphamvu kwa Flywheel:
Kusungirako mphamvu kwa Flywheel kumagwiritsa ntchito mota kuyendetsa flywheel pa liwiro lalikulu, kutembenuza mphamvu yamagetsi kukhala mphamvu ya kinetic kuti isungidwe. Pakafunika, flywheel imagwiritsa ntchito jenereta kuti isinthe mphamvu ya kinetic kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Ukadaulo wosunga mphamvu wa Flywheel umadziwika chifukwa cha liwiro lake loyankhira mwachangu (nthawi zambiri pa millisecond) komanso moyo wozungulira kwambiri (mpaka mazana masauzande a mizunguliro), kupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera nthawi yaifupi-yanthawi yayitali,{3}}yosungirako mphamvu zazifupi, monga kuwongolera ma frequency a grid ndi magetsi osasokoneza (UPS). Malo osungira magetsi a Flywheel nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zosintha kwambiri, kufika pa 85% -95%, koma nthawi yake yosungira imakhala yaifupi, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekezera{7}}kusinthasintha kwamagetsi kwakanthawi kochepa. Chithunzi 1-2 chikuwonetsa chojambula chamagetsi osungira mphamvu za flywheel.
Tekinoloje yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi
Electrochemical energy storage ndi ukadaulo womwe umasintha mphamvu yamagetsi kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi kudzera mumayendedwe a electrochemical, ndikuisunga ndikuisintha kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi ikafunika. Pachimake chake ndi kusungirako ndi kutulutsa mphamvu kudzera mu njira yolipirira ndi kutulutsa mabatire. Tekinoloje yamagetsi yamagetsi yosungira mphamvu ili ndi maubwino monga liwiro loyankhira, kuchita bwino kwambiri, kuyika kosinthika, ndi kapangidwe kake, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera pazochitika monga gridi yamagetsi yongowonjezwdzwd-yolumikizidwa pafupipafupi, nsonga{3}}kuwongolera zigwa, ndi magetsi adzidzidzi. Panopa, njira zamakono zosungira mphamvu za electrochemical zikuphatikiza {{5}mabatire a asidi, mabatire a faifi tambala-mabatire a metal hydride, lithiamu{7}}mabatire a ion, mabatire a sodium-ion, mabatire othamanga, lililonse lili ndi magwiridwe ake apadera, momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito, komanso kuthekera kwake. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso, mphamvu yosungiramo mphamvu ya electrochemical imathandizira kwambiri pakusintha kwamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ndi chitsimikizo chofunikira kuti tipeze mphamvu yoyera, yochepera{10}carbon, komanso yotetezeka.
Mabatire a Lead{{0}acid:
Mabatire a lead{{0}acid ndi ukadaulo-okhazikitsidwa komanso wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posungira mphamvu zamagetsi. Mfundo yawo imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito lead ndi ma oxides ake ngati zinthu zabwino komanso zoyipa zama elekitirodi, ndi njira yamadzi ya sulfuric acid monga electrolyte, kuti azilipira ndi kutulutsa kudzera mu electrochemical reaction. Mabatire a lead{{4}asidi ali ndi ubwino wake monga kutsika mtengo, luso lamakono, kudalirika kwambiri, ndi kukana kuchulukitsitsa ndi{5}}kutha, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mabatire oyambira magalimoto, magetsi osungira, ndi makina osungira mphamvu. Komabe, mabatire a lead{{7}acid ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zochulukirachulukira, amakhala ndi moyo wocheperako, ndipo amakhala ndi mtovu wapoizoni, womwe ungawononge chilengedwe ngati utatayidwa molakwika. Ngakhale zili choncho, mabatire a lead-acid akadali pamlingo wokulirapo m'malo ena, makamaka pamitengo{10}}yovuta kwambiri. M'tsogolomu, kukonzanso zinthu ndi kukonza magwiridwe antchito a mabatire a lead{12}acid adzakhala njira zazikulu zopangira ukadaulo uwu.
Mabatire a Nickel{{0}Metal Hydride (NiMH):
Mabatire a NiMH ndi teknoloji yosungira mphamvu ya electrochemical yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito nickel hydroxide monga electrode yabwino ndi nickel hydride monga electrode yoipa. Amapereka maubwino monga kuchulukitsidwa kwamphamvu kwamphamvu, kuyanjana ndi chilengedwe, komanso moyo wautali wozungulira. Poyerekeza ndi mabatire achikhalidwe, mabatire a NiMH alibe zoopsa zamakina zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi cadmium ndi molybdenum, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala okonda zachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zamagetsi, magalimoto osakanizidwa, ndi zida zamagetsi zonyamula. Amakhalanso ndi mphamvu zambiri-zotulutsa bwino ndipo amatha kugwira ntchito mokhazikika m'malo osiyanasiyana. Chodziwika kwambiri cha mabatire a faifi tambala ndikuti akuchulukirachulukira komanso kutha-kutha kutulutsa, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala opambana pamabatire omwe amafunikira kuti amachajitsidwa pafupipafupi komanso kutulutsa. Ngakhale kukwera kwa mabatire a lithiamu-ion m'zaka zaposachedwa kwapangitsa kuti msika wa mabatire a NiMH uchepe, amakhalabe ndi malo m'malo ena ake ogwiritsira ntchito.
Mabatire a Lithium-ion:
Mabatire a lithiamu-ndi ukadaulo wosungira mphamvu wa electrochemical womwe umatha kuyitanitsa ndi kutulutsa madzi kudzera mu kuika ndi kutulutsa ma ion lifiyamu pakati pa maelekitirodi abwino ndi opanda pake. Kulemera kwa Lithium ndi kuchulukitsitsa kwa mphamvu kwachititsa kuti mabatire a lithiamu{2}}ayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zida zamagetsi zonyamulika, magalimoto amagetsi, ndi kusunga mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Mabatire a Lithium-amakhalanso ndi maubwino monga moyo wautali komanso osakumbukira zinthu, komanso amakhala ndi zinthu zina zokhudza chitetezo, monga kuthawa chifukwa chachacha komanso{5}}kuthamanga kwambiri. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, chitetezo ndi magwiridwe antchito amagetsi amagetsi a lithiamu{7}}mabatire a ayoni akuyenda bwino mosalekeza, pomwe mitengo yatsika, zomwe zawapanga kukhala amodzi mwa mabatire osungira mphamvu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamsika lero. M'tsogolomu, chitukuko cha umisiri monga solid-state electrolytes ndi silicon{10}based anode akuyembekezeka kupititsa patsogolo kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka electrochemical ndi chitetezo cha mabatire a lithiamu{11}}ion.
Mabatire a sodium-ion:
Mabatire a sodium-ion ndi njira yatsopano yosungira mphamvu ya electrochemical yomwe ikukulirakulira m'zaka zaposachedwa. Mfundo yawo yogwirira ntchito ndi yofanana ndi ya mabatire a lithiamu-ayoni, pomwe ma ma ion a lithiamu amalumikizana ndikusinthana pakati pa ma elekitirodi abwino ndi opanda ma elekitirodi pochajitsa ndi kutulutsa. Ubwino wa mabatire a sodium-yoni wagona pa kuchulukira komanso kutsika mtengo kwa zinthu zopezeka ndi sodium, komanso kusadalira mphamvu za lithiamu, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kwambiri-kusunga mphamvu zambiri. Ngakhale kuti mphamvu zawo zimakhala zocheperako poyerekeza ndi mabatire a lithiamu{7}}ayoni, mabatire a sodium{8}}ayoni amawonetsa kugwira ntchito bwino molingana ndi kukhazikika kwa kayendedwe kake, kutsika-kutentha kocheperako, komanso chitetezo, zomwe zikuwonetsa kulonjeza kwamtsogolo. Panopa, kafukufuku wokhudza mabatire a sodium{11} ion amayang'ana kwambiri kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, kuwonjezera moyo wamagetsi, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kosalekeza, mabatire a sodium{13} ion akuyembekezeka kukhala njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri yothanirana ndi-zambiri zosungira mphamvu m'tsogolomu.
Batire yoyenda:
Mabatire oyenda ndi ukadaulo wamagetsi osungira mphamvu zamagetsi pomwe ma electrolyte amasungidwa mu thanki yakunja. Mfundo yawo imakhudza kusungidwa ndi kutulutsa mphamvu kudzera muzochita za electrochemical pakati pa ma electrolyte awiri osiyana mkati mwa batri. Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha mabatire otaya ndi mphamvu zawo zosinthika ndi mphamvu; mphamvu yosungira imatha kukulitsidwa powonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma elekitiroliti osungidwa, kuwapanga kukhala oyenera kwambiri-ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali-yanthawi yayitali yosungira mphamvu. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya mabatire othamanga imaphatikizapo mabatire a vanadium redox otaya ndi zinc/bromine otaya mabatire. Mabatire othamanga amapereka moyo wautali, chitetezo chabwino, ndi chilengedwe, koma ndalama zawo zoyamba ndizokwera, ndipo dongosolo la batri ndi lovuta. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, kuthekera kwa mabatire oyenda m'magulu akulu-kusunga mphamvu kukukulirakulira, makamaka pakuphatikiza ma gridi yamagetsi ongowonjezwdwanso komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera ma gridi.