Kodi kuipa kwa makina osungira mphamvu a grid level kulipo?
Tikakamba za mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso, nthawi zonse pamakhala njovu iyi mchipinda chomwe aliyense amawoneka kuti akuvina mozungulira - posungira. Kusungirako mphamvu za gridi kumamveka bwino pamapepala, ndipo ndikofunikira ngati tikufuna kuti mphepo ndi dzuwa zigwire ntchito pamlingo waukulu. Koma kuipa kwa makina osungira mphamvu a grid level kumawunjikana mwachangu mukangokumba timabuku tazamalonda ndi thandizo la boma.
Chinthu choyamba chimene chimakukhudzani ndi mtengo. Osati kungogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zapatsogolo, zomwe zimachititsa kuti-ziwoneke bwino, koma ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zizituluka magazi chaka ndi chaka. Tengani Hornsdale Power Reserve ku South Australia - projekiti yayikulu ya batri ya Tesla kuyambira 2017 yomwe aliyense amakonda kuitchula ngati nkhani yopambana. Zachidziwikire, imakhazikitsa gululi nthawi zambiri, koma makina a 150 MW / 194 MWh amawononga pafupifupi $90 miliyoni AUD (www.abc.net.au). Izi zimagwira ntchito ngati $600,000 pa megawati iliyonse-ola limodzi la mphamvu zosungira. Kwa dongosolo lomwe limatsitsa chiwongolero chilichonse.
Mabatire a Lithium-ion, omwe amalamulira msika wosungira zinthu pa gridi pakali pano, amataya pafupifupi 2-3% ya mphamvu zawo chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha ukalamba wa kalendala, ngakhale simuwagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Ndiye pali kuwonongeka kwa mkombero pamwamba pa izo. Mabatire ambiri ogulitsa amakhala ndi chitsimikizo cha mphamvu pafupifupi 80% pakatha zaka 10, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mukulipira zosungira zomwe zimasanduka nthunzi pang'onopang'ono. Zachuma zimangomveka pazochitika zinazake zogwiritsa ntchito ngati kuwongolera pafupipafupi komwe mumalipiridwa ndalama zolipirira nthawi zoyankha ma millisecond.
Zokhudza chitetezo sizimakhudzidwanso mokwanira. Aliyense amakumbukira pamene batire ya Moss Landing ku California inayaka moto mu 2021. Uku kunali kuyika kwa 300 MW / 1,200 MWh - imodzi mwamabatire akulu kwambiri padziko lonse panthawiyo - ndipo idatsekedwa kwa miyezi ingapo. Kenako chinayakanso mu 2022 (www.energy-storage.news). Awa simoto waung'ono wakukhitchini womwe tikukamba. Lithium-zochitika zotha kutha ndi kutentha kwa ion ndizovuta kwambiri kuzimitsa ndikutulutsa mpweya wapoizoni. Ozimitsa moto amayenera kuyisiya kuti izizimitsa yokha ndikuletsa zina zonse kuti zisagwire.
California yakhala ikukhazikitsa malo osungira mabatire ngati misala, koma akukumana ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe mabatire amatha kutulutsa kwa maola pafupifupi 4 pamagetsi ovotera. Ndikwabwino kumeta madzulo kwambiri dzuwa likatsika, koma sizothandiza pazochitika zanyengo zamasiku ambiri kapena kusintha kwa nyengo. Mufunika malo okwana 50-kuchulukirachulukira ka 100 kuti muthe kusamalira nyengo ya mitambo kwa mlungu umodzi m'nyengo yozizira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chuma chokaikitsa kale kukhala chopanda pake.
Ndiroleni ndikuponyereni manambala aukadaulo. Dongosolo la lithiamu{1}}lokhala ndi batire ya sikelo{2}}yokhala ndi batire{3}}lozungulira{3}}lozungulira pafupifupi 85-90%, zomwe zimamveka bwino mpaka mutazindikira kuti ndi 10-15% ya mphamvu zanu zomwe zikungotenthedwa. Pa 100 MWh iliyonse yomwe mumasunga, mumangobweza 85-90 MWh. Yerekezerani kuti amapopa hydro yosungirako pa 70-80% dzuwa - inde ndi m'munsi, koma pumped hydro akhoza kusunga mphamvu kwa miyezi popanda zotayika kwambiri, pamene mabatire kudziletsa paokha pafupifupi 1-3% pamwezi.
Mbali ya chilengedwe imasokonezanso. Lifiyamu, cobalt, faifi tambala - si njira zoyeretsera. Pali lipoti ili la 2020 lomwe likuwonetsa kuti kupanga mabatire kumatulutsa mpweya wochuluka wa CO2, kwinakwake mumtundu wa 60-150 kg CO2 pa kWh ya mphamvu ya batri kutengera kusakanikirana kwamphamvu komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Ngati gululi yanu ikugwirabe ntchito pa malasha pamene mukumanga batire yosungiramo, mumangosintha mpweya wotulutsa mpweya m'malo mowachotsa.
Ndiye pali vuto la chain chain. Tikuwona kale mitengo ya lithiamu ikuchulukira, ndipo izi zinali zitachitika kale-kuchulukira kwa makina opanga ma EV. Kusungirako ma gridi ndi magalimoto amagetsi akupikisana pa zida za batri zomwezo, ndipo palibenso mphamvu zokwanira zopangira kuti zikwaniritse misika yonse yomwe ikukambidwa. Akatswiri ena akuneneratu za kuchepa kwa lithiamu pofika chaka cha 2025 kapena 2026. Zabwino zonse pakumanga ma terawatt-maola osungira pamene simungathe kupeza zipangizo.
Mabatire oyenda amapitilira kukwezedwa ngati yankho, koma "angotsala pang'ono" kwazaka zambiri tsopano. Kuchulukitsitsa kwa mphamvu ndi koopsa - mabatire a vanadium flow amatenga pafupifupi 20-30 Wh/kg poyerekeza ndi lithiamu-ion's 200+ Wh/kg. Izi zikutanthauza kuti akasinja ochulukirapo a yankho la electrolyte, mipope yambiri yomwe imatha kutsika, mapampu omwe amadya mphamvu komanso amafunika kukonzedwa. Ndipo ngakhale malonjezano onsewa, mabatire omwe adayikidwa padziko lonse lapansi akadali ochepa poyerekeza ndi lithiamu-ion. Mwina pali chifukwa chake.
Pumped hydro imapanga pafupifupi 95% ya mphamvu zosungirako gridi yapadziko lonse lapansi pakali pano, koma simungangomanga paliponse. Mufunika malo oyenera - malo osungiramo madzi awiri akuluakulu okwera mosiyana, makamaka pafupi ndi zomangamanga. Chilolezo cha chilengedwe chokha chimatenga zaka. Pamene Pacific Gas & Electric ikufuna malo opangira madzi ku California posachedwa, iwo anali kuyang'ana zaka 8-10 kuti alole maphunziro ovomerezeka ndi zachilengedwe asanagwe. Ndipo izi zikungoganiza kuti palibe milandu yochokera kumagulu azachilengedwe omwe akuda nkhawa ndi malo okhala nsomba.
Zovuta za kuphatikiza ma gridi ziyenera kukambirana zawo. Kuwonjezera kusungirako kwakukulu kumafuna kukweza ma transformers, machitidwe otetezera, zowonongeka zowonongeka. Si pulagi-ndi-masewera. Mabatire akatuluka mwachangu, amatha kupanga zovuta zamtundu wamagetsi - kusinthasintha kwamagetsi, kusokoneza kwamphamvu. Gululi silinapangidwe kuti likhale ndi makina masauzande ambiri a mabatire omwe akutsatiridwa ndi kutulutsa{7}}mwachisawawa kutengera kupanga kwa sola komanso nthawi-yo{9}}yogwiritsa ntchito ma siginolo amitengo.
Wogwiritsa ntchito gridi ya CAISO waku California adayenera kupanga malamulo atsopano amsika ndi njira zoyitanitsa kuti zisungidwe, ndipo akuzilingalirabe. Kusungirako kumatha kutenga nawo gawo m'misika yamagetsi, misika yamagetsi, misika yothandizira ena - koma malamulo amasiyana m'dera lililonse ndipo amasintha. Kusatsimikizika kwadongosolo kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupeza ndalama zama projekiti chifukwa osunga ndalama sadziwa njira zopezera ndalama zomwe angadalire.
Palinso vuto la nkhuku yodabwitsayi-ndi-ya dzira yosunga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezera. Mukufunikira kusungirako zambiri kuti muthe zowonjezera zowonjezereka, koma kusungirako ndi okwera mtengo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dongosolo lophatikizana likhale lokwera mtengo, lomwe limachepetsa kutumizidwa kosinthika. Germany idazindikira izi movutirapo - adayika mphamvu zambiri zadzuwa ndi mphepo koma osakwanira kusungirako kokwanira, motero pamapeto pake amachepetsa kachulukidwe kazinthu zongowonjezwwdwa pamene kupanga kupitilira zomwe zimafunikira, kapena kuyatsa mafuta opangira zinthu zakale mphepo ikapanda kuwomba.
Nkhani ya moyo imandivutitsa kwambiri kuposa zinthu zina zambiri. Malo opangira magetsi a gasi amatha kugwira ntchito kwa zaka 30-40 ndikukonza pafupipafupi. Malo opopa madzi amatha zaka 50-100. Mabatire a lithiamu-ion? Mukuyang'ana zaka 10-15 musanalowe m'malo, mwina 20 ngati muwabala ndipo osalipira mokwanira / kutulutsa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'malo mwa mabatire onse kangapo pa moyo wa mapanelo oyendera dzuwa kapena ma turbine amphepo omwe akuyenera kuthandizira. Ndalama zoyendetsera moyo sizikwera bwino.
Ndipo sindinalowe nkomwe pazofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito malo. Kuyika mabatire kumafuna malo ochulukirapo,{1}nyumba zoyendetsedwa ndi nyengo, zozimitsa moto, mipanda yotetezedwa. Batire ya 100 MWh imatha kukhala maekala angapo. Chulukitsani izi ndi mazana kapena masauzande azinthu zotere zomwe zimafunikira posungirako makina-ndipo mukukamba za malo ambiri. M'madera monga Japan kapena Singapore kumene nthaka imakhala yotsika mtengo, izi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.
Ndiye kodi kuipa kwa makina osungira mphamvu a grid level kulipo? Eya, iwo mwamtheradi amatero. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti kusungirako sikofunikira kapena kuti sitiyenera kumanga. Koma kunamizira kuti zovutazo kulibe kapena kuti adzithetsa mwamatsenga ndi ndalama zokwanira komanso kukhala ndi chiyembekezo ndi kupusa. Awa ndi mavuto enieni a uinjiniya, azachuma, komanso asayansi omwe amafunikira mayankho enieni, osati kungoyimbira nyimbo.