Makina osungira mphamvu a microgrid amasunga magetsi ochulukirapo opangidwa kuchokera kumadera omwe amagawidwa monga ma solar panel kapena ma turbines amphepo, kenako amatulutsa mphamvuyi ikatsika kapena kufunikira kukuwonjezeka. Dongosololi limagwira ntchito kudzera m'mabanki a mabatire (nthawi zambiri lifiyamu-ion) yolumikizidwa ku zida zosinthira magetsi komanso chowongolera chanzeru chomwe chimatha kumatcha, kutulutsa, ndi kayendedwe ka mphamvu pakati pa ma microgrid, yosungirako, ndi gridi yayikulu.
Zigawo Zazikulu za Microgrid Energy Storage System
Dongosolo lililonse losungiramo mphamvu ya microgrid lili ndi zinthu zinayi zofunika zomwe zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kujambula, kusunga, ndikugawa mphamvu zamagetsi.
Battery energy storage system (BESS) imapanga mtima wa opareshoni. Mabatire a Lithium-a ion amachulukirachulukira pamsika chifukwa amapereka mphamvu zochulukirachulukira kuwirikiza ka 5 mpaka 6 kuposa mabatire a lead-ndipo amatha kutsiriza 3,000-4,000 yochajisa isanatsike kufika 80%. Poyerekeza, mabatire a lead{{14}asidi amangoyendetsa ma 400-500 ma cycles asanatsike mpaka 50%. Dongosolo lanthawi zonse lokhala ndi zofunikira litha kukhala kuyambira 300 kW/386 kWh poyikapo ang'onoang'ono mpaka ma megawati angapo okhala ndi ma megawati angapo osungira.
The Battery Management System (BMS) imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa ma cell, kutentha, komanso kuchuluka kwa banki yonse. Izi zimalepheretsa kuchulukirachulukira, kuwongolera kusanja kwa ma cell, komanso kuteteza kuthawa kwa kutentha. Kutentha ndikofunikira kwambiri-mabatire a lithiamu{3}}ayoni amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pakati pa 40-110 degrees Fahrenheit, zomwe zimafuna makina oziziritsa kapena otenthetsera m'malo ambiri.
Makina osinthira magetsi amatsekereza kusiyana pakati pa kusungirako batire la DC ndi mphamvu ya grid ya AC. Popeza mabatire amasunga mphamvu ngati yachindunji koma ma gridi ambiri amagwira ntchito mosinthana, ma inverter a bidirectional amatha kutembenuka mbali zonse ziwiri. Ma inverters awa amayang'aniranso magawo apamwamba amagetsi monga kuwongolera ma voltage ndi kukhazikika pafupipafupi.
The energy management system (EMS) imagwira ntchito ngati ubongo wapakati, kupanga zisankho zenizeni zanthawi-zokhudza kayendedwe ka mphamvu. Kupyolera mu EMS, mphamvu zogawidwa, zosungirako, ndi gridi yayikulu zimayendetsedwa mogwirizana kuti zikhazikitse kusinthasintha, kupereka kugawa kwanuko, ndikupewa kutaya kufalitsa. Pulogalamuyi imasanthula mosalekeza zolosera zam'badwo, zolosera za katundu, mitengo yamagetsi, ndi mawonekedwe a batri kuti akwaniritse magwiridwe antchito.
Momwe Mphamvu Zimayendera M'dongosolo
Kuthamangitsa ndi kutulutsa mu makina osungira mphamvu a microgrid kumatsatira njira yoyendetsedwa ndi machitidwe owongolera omwe amagwira ntchito pamiyeso yosiyana.
Nthawi yochapira, magetsi adzuwa akatulutsa magetsi ochulukirapo kuposa omwe amadya m'deralo kapena mitengo yamagetsi ikatsika nthawi yothira-nthawi yochuluka kwambiri, EMS imatumiza mphamvu zambiri ku banki ya batri. Makina osinthira mphamvu amasintha mphamvu ya AC kuchokera ku ma jenereta kapena grid kukhala DC yapano yomwe imayenera kulipiritsa batire. Zida zosungiramo mphamvu zingapo zokhala ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zilipo, makinawa amawathandizira kuti azitchaja kuti zida zing'onozing'ono zisapereke ndalama zambiri zisanachitike zazikulu, kutengera momwe zilili.
Njira yotulutsira imatembenuza kutuluka uku. Mphamvu zowonjezedwanso zikatsika-monga dzuwa likamalowa-kapena magetsi akachuluka kwambiri, chowongolera chimalawitsa mabatire kuti atulutse mphamvu zosungidwa. Inverter imatembenuza mphamvu ya batri ya DC kubwerera ku AC, kufananiza mphamvu yamagetsi ndi ma frequency a grid. BESS ikhoza kuyamba kutulutsa mphamvu ku gululi pafupifupi masekondi awiri, kupereka kuyankha mwachangu komwe majenereta amafuta otsalira sangafanane.
Kuthamanga kwamagetsi sikumakhala kofanana nthawi zonse. Mu grid{{1}mode yolumikizidwa, ma microgrid amatha kutulutsa mphamvu nthawi imodzi kuchokera ku gridi yayikulu, kupanga kuchokera komwe kuli komweko, kulipiritsa mabatire, kutulutsa mabatire, ndikutumiza katundu wapafupi-zonse kutengera zomwe algorithm ya kukhathamiritsa ikuwona kuti ndiyotchipa kapena yodalirika panthawiyo.
Zitatu-Zomangamanga Zazigawo Zazigawo
Dongosolo losungirako mphamvu la microgrid lopangidwa bwino limagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe owongolera omwe ali ndi magawo oyambira, achiwiri, ndi apamwamba omwe amagwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono.
Kuwongolera koyambirira kumagwira ntchito mu milliseconds, kukhazikika kwamagetsi ndi ma frequency mkati mwa microgrid. Chosanjikiza ichi chimatsimikizira kuti katundu wamkulu akasintha mwadzidzidzi kapena kutulutsa kwa solar kutsika chifukwa cha chivundikiro chamtambo, dongosolo limayankha nthawi yomweyo kuti likhalebe ndi mphamvu. Ulamuliro woyamba umayang'aniranso momwe mphamvu zogwirira ntchito ndi zogwirira ntchito zimagawidwira pakati pazambiri zogawidwa zamphamvu popanda kufunikira kulumikizana pakati pawo.
Kuwongolera kwachiwiri kumagwira ntchito pamasekondi-mpaka{1}}panthawi ya mphindi, kukhala woyang'anira pakati. Imabwezeretsa voteji ya microgrid ndi ma frequency ndikulipiritsa zopatuka zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa katundu kapena magwero ongowonjezwdwa. Mulingo uwu umakonza kutsetsereka kulikonse komwe chiwongolero choyambirira sichinathe kuwongolera mokwanira ndipo chingathe kupangidwa kuti chikwaniritse zofunikira zamtundu wamagetsi monga kusanja kwamagetsi pamalo ovuta olumikizira.
Ulamuliro wamaphunziro apamwamba umagwira kuyambira mphindi mpaka maola, kuyang'ana kwambiri kukhathamiritsa kwachuma ndi kulumikizana kwa grid. Mulingo uwu nthawi zambiri umaphatikizapo kulosera zanyengo, mtengo wa gridi, ndi katundu mu maola kapena tsiku lotsatira kuti apange dongosolo lotumiza jenereta lomwe limapeza ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, ikhoza kudziwa kuti kulipiritsa mabatire nthawi ya 2 AM pamene magetsi amawononga $0.03/kWh ndi kutuluka 6 PM pamene mitengo igunda $0.35/kWh idzachulukitsa ndalama.
Kagwiritsidwe Ntchito: Gridi-Yolumikizidwa motsutsana ndi Island
Makina osungira mphamvu a Microgrid amagwira ntchito m'njira ziwiri zosiyana, iliyonse ili ndi njira zowongolera ndi zolinga zake.
Mu grid{{0}mode yolumikizidwa, microgrid imakhalabe yolumikizidwa ndi gridi yayikulu yolumikizirana (PCC). Apa, dongosolo yosungirako amapereka angapo mtengo mitsinje. Imameta kwambiri potulutsa madzi nthawi zambiri-zofuna kuchepetsa mitengo yotsika mtengo. BESS imathanso kupangitsa kuti ma microgrid akhale olimba-panthawi yozimitsa kapena kuchepa kwakanthawi kwa mphamvu yopangidwa ndi microgrid, BESS ikhoza kubwera pa intaneti nthawi yomweyo kuti ithandizire kunyamula katundu wovuta. Dongosololi litha kuperekanso ntchito zowongolera pafupipafupi kuzinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kulipiritsa ndi kutulutsa mwachangu kuti zithandizire kusanja ma gridi ndi kufunikira.
Njira ya pachilumba imayatsidwa pomwe ma microgrid achoka pagululi, mwina mwadala kapena chifukwa chazimitsidwa. Pamene microgrid imachotsedwa ku gridi yamagetsi ndipo imagwira ntchito palokha, kugawidwa kwa mphamvu zogawidwa kumasintha ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo sikungathe kupereka kutulutsa kokhazikika kwa katundu. Kusungirako kumakhala kofunika kwambiri kuti muchepetse mipata iyi. Dongosolo loyang'anira liyenera kulinganiza mosamalitsa kukula, kulemedwa, ndi kuchuluka kwa batri popanda thandizo lililonse lakunja. Mabatire akatha pa nthawi yotalikirapo, ma protocol a load shedding amazimitsa zokha-zolemetsa zosafunikira kuti magetsi asungidwe pazithandizo zofunika kwambiri.
Kusintha pakati pa modes kumafuna kuwongolera mwaukadaulo. Zikazindikirika kuti zasokonekera, makina osungira mphamvu a microgrid ayenera kulumikizidwa mkati mwa ma giredi, kupanga voteji yakeyake yokhazikika komanso kubwereza pafupipafupi, ndikupitilizabe kutumizira katundu-zonse popanda kusokonezedwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito.
Zenizeni-Zitsanzo Zogwiritsa Ntchito Padziko Lonse
Kuwunika kutumizidwa kwenikweni kukuwonetsa momwe chiphunzitsocho chimatanthauzidwira kuti azichita ndi ma metric omwe amagwirira ntchito.
Enel X anaika makina osungira mphamvu a microgrid pamalo okwana 625-mayunitsi okhala m'dera la Brownsville ku Brooklyn, ophatikiza solar solar 400 kW, 300 kW/1.2 MWh yosungirako mphamvu, ndi cell cell yamafuta ya 400 kW. Kukonzekera uku kumapereka mphamvu yokhazikika panthawi ya gridi yazimitsidwa ndikuchepetsa mtengo wamagetsi kudzera mukugwiritsa ntchito solar komanso kasamalidwe ka ndalama.
Mokulirapo, Enel X's solar-kuphatikiza-microgrid yosungiramo fakitale ya Eaton Electrical ku Las Piedras, Puerto Rico imaphatikiza mphamvu ya solar photovoltaic pafupifupi 5 MW ndi pafupifupi 1.1 MW/2.2 MWh ya malo osungira mabatire. Kuchuluka kosungirako kumapangitsa kuti malowa azitha kusintha mphamvu ya solar kuchoka pakupanga masana mpaka nthawi yofunikira madzulo.
NREL imathandizira kupanga makina atatu-magawo atatu, 300-kW/386-kWh-yomangirira makina pogwiritsa ntchito lithiamu-ion, nickel cadmium, ndi mabatire a lead acid okonzedwa kuti azipereka mphamvu ndi mphamvu zomwe zilipo. Njira zambiri-zimayimitsira izi zikuwonetsa momwe umisiri wosiyanasiyana wa batri ungayenderana-lithium{10}}ion pa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, lead-acid pamagetsi otsika mtengo, ndi nickel cadmium popirira kutentha.
Mu 2024, ma microgrid atsopano 59 adatumizidwa ku 241 MW, ndi ma microgrids osungira mphamvu omwe amapereka 19.5 MWh kapena 33.2 MWh. United States inaika 11.9 GW ya malo osungira mphamvu ya batire mu 2024 mokha, ndipo msika ukuyembekezeka kufika 18.2 GW wa magridi atsopano-mu 2025.
Ntchito Zofunika Kwambiri
Makina osungira mphamvu a microgrid amagwira ntchito zitatu zofunika zomwe zimasiyanitsa ma microgrid amakono ndi majenereta osunga zosunga zobwezeretsera.
Kusintha kwamphamvu ndi kusintha kwamphamvu kumayimira ntchito yayikulu yazachuma. Potchaja mabatire pa-maola otsika kwambiri (nthawi zambiri usiku) komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zomwe zasungidwa m'nyengo zotentha kwambiri (nthawi zambiri masana ndi madzulo), makina amatha kuchepetsa mtengo wa magetsi, ndipo eni nyumba ambiri amanena kuti apulumutsa ndi 30-50% pa ngongole za mwezi uliwonse. Commerce microgrids imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi{{5}yogwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu kwambiri, nthawi zina amatsitsa 60-70% pamitengo yofunidwa.
Kuwongolera kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kumayendera ma voltages ndi kukhazikika pafupipafupi. Poyang'anira makina osinthira mphamvu yosungiramo mphamvu, makinawo amasinthira mphamvu yogwira ndi yotakasuka ku microgrid ndikuthetsa ma dips ndi ma sags. Mota yayikulu ikayamba, ndikupanga kutsika kwamagetsi nthawi yomweyo, makina osungira amalowetsa mphamvu zamagetsi mkati mwa ma milliseconds kuti abwezere. Izi zimalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa zida ndi kusokoneza ndondomeko.
Kusalaza kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kumathetsa kusinthasintha kwavuto kwa kupanga kwa dzuwa ndi mphepo. Mtambo wodutsa pamtundu wa solar ungayambitse kutsika kwa 80% mumasekondi. Popanda kusungirako, izi zitha kuyambitsa ma voltages owopsa komanso maulendo afupipafupi. Dongosolo losungiramo mphamvu limakhazikika kusinthasintha kwa mphamvu zogawidwa, limapereka kutulutsa kosasunthika, ndikupangitsa kugawa kwanuko kwa m'badwo wongowonjezwdwa. Zosungirako zimawononga panthawi yopanga zongowonjezwdwanso zambiri komanso zimatulutsidwa panthawi yopumira, kuwonetsa mphamvu zokhazikika pazonyamula ndi grid.
Mavuto Aukadaulo ndi Mayankho
Ngakhale zopindulitsa zomwe zatsimikiziridwa, kukhazikitsa makina osungira mphamvu a microgrid kumakumana ndi zovuta zingapo zaumisiri zomwe oyendetsa ayenera kuthana nazo.
Kuwonongeka kwa batri kumakhudza mphamvu ndi chitetezo pakapita nthawi. Mabatire ambiri a lithiamu amakhala pafupifupi kuzungulira 4,000 asanatsike mpaka 80% ya mphamvu yoyambirira. Pakazungulira kamodzi patsiku, izi zikutanthauza pafupifupi zaka 11 zakugwira ntchito. Komabe, kutulutsa kwakukulu ndi kutentha kwakukulu kumathandizira kuwonongeka. Ma algorithms a Smart EMS tsopano amathandizira pakuchajitsa kuti achepetse kupsinjika-mwachitsanzo, kusunga mabatire pakati pa 20-80% yamphamvu yolipirira nthawi zonse komanso kusunga mphamvu zonse pakagwa ngozi.
Kuwongolera zovuta kumawonjezeka kwambiri ndi kukula kwa dongosolo ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagawidwa. Ma microgrid okhala ndi ma solar angapo, ma turbines amphepo, ma jenereta, ndi mabanki a batri amafuna kugwirizanitsa ma inverter ndi owongolera. Ma microgrid ang'onoang'ono nthawi zina amatchedwa nanogrids akamatumikira nyumba imodzi, ndipo kulumikizana kwa ma nanogrids angapo kumapanga netiweki yomwe imathandizira kugawana mphamvu pakati pa machitidwe pawokha. Njira yophatikizirayi imathandizira kuwongolera mosavuta popanga magawo omwe oyang'anira m'deralo amayang'anira ma nanogrid pawokha komanso woyang'anira wamkulu amagwirizanitsa{3}}mayendedwe amagetsi a nanogrid.
Mtengo udakali chotchinga chachikulu ngakhale mitengo ya batri ikutsika. Kafukufuku wa 2018 wa NREL adapeza ma microgrid ku Continental United States amawononga pafupifupi $ 2-5 miliyoni pa megawati iliyonse kuti apange. Komabe, kusungirako mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi pamsika wa ma microgrids akuyembekezeka kufika $2.1 biliyoni kuyambira 2024-2028, kukulira pa 22.79% CAGR, kuyendetsa chuma chambiri. Mitundu yopereka ndalama ngati Microgrid Service Agreements tsopano imalola mabungwe kuti agwiritse ntchito makina opanda ziro patsogolo.
Emerging Technologies ndi Zamtsogolo Zamtsogolo
Maonekedwe a makina osungira mphamvu a microgrid akupitilirabe kupitilira machitidwe anthawi zonse a lithiamu-ion.
Makasitomala amtundu wina wa batri akupeza mphamvu pazogwiritsa ntchito zina. Pofika m'chaka cha 2024, mabatire a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) akhala ofunika kwambiri posungirako zinthu zambiri chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa zinthu zambiri, moyo wautali, komanso chitetezo chochuluka poyerekeza ndi faifi tambala{2}zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito lithiamu{3}}mafakitale a ion. Mabatire akuyenda amakhala ndi maubwino osiyanasiyana-nthawi zonse amakhala opanda malire komanso makulitsidwe odziyimira pawokha a mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu-kuwapangitsa kukhala owoneka bwino kwa nthawi yayitali{7}}kusunga kwa nthawi yayitali.
Magetsi{{0}hydrogen-ammonia coupled microgrids address supply-imafuna kusalinganika pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu yosungira mphamvu yomwe imagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa magetsi pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Chosanjikiza chapamwamba chimagwira ntchito chaka chilichonse ndi masitepe a mlungu ndi mlungu osungira ammonia, pomwe gawo lapansi limayenda mlungu uliwonse ndi masitepe a ola la hydrogen ndi magetsi. Njira zambiri-zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana za nyengo zomwe mabatire pawokha sangathe kuthana nazo mwachuma.
Kukhathamiritsa kwanzeru zopangapanga ndikusintha kasamalidwe ka mphamvu mumakina apamwamba osungira mphamvu a microgrid. Ma algorithms ophunzirira makina tsopano amaneneratu za kupanga kwa solar, mawonekedwe a katundu, ndi mitengo yamagetsi molondola kwambiri, ndikupangitsa njira zotumizirana zotsogola kwambiri. Njira zotsogola zitha kupereka mathero-ku{3}}kutha kuwongolera ma microgrid pogwiritsa ntchito makina ophunzirira monga kuphunzira mozama, kuwongolera mosalekeza magwiridwe antchito potengera zomwe zidachitika kale komanso{4}}zanthawi yeniyeni.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Kodi microgrid imatha nthawi yayitali bwanji posungira batire yokha?
Nthawi yothamanga imadalira kuchuluka kwa batri komanso kuchuluka kwa katundu. Njira yosungiramo mphamvu ya microgrid yokhala ndi 10-15 kWh yosungira imatha kunyamula katundu wofunikira kwa maola 4-8. Makina okulirapo ngati 300 kW/1.2 MWh ku Brownsville atha kupereka mphamvu zonse kwa maola 4 kapena kupitilira maola 12+ potumiza katundu wovuta kwambiri. Machitidwe azamalonda nthawi zambiri amakula kwa maola 2-4 pachimake, ngakhale malo ena ovuta amatchula maola 8-24 osungitsa.
Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani mabatire akafika pakuwomba kwambiri panthawi yopanga mphamvu ya dzuwa?
EMS ili ndi njira zingapo: kutumiza mphamvu zochulukira ku gridi yayikulu ngati gridi-yolumikizidwa ndi ma neti metering ilipo, chepetsani makina ongowonjezwwdz podula ma sola kapena ma turbine amphepo, kapena kusintha katundu wotha kusintha monga kutenthetsa madzi kapena kuzizira kwa HVAC{1}kusanayambe{1}}kuzizira kuti mugwiritse ntchito zotsalira. Munthawi yotsika yolemetsa, makina osungira mphamvu amasunga mphamvu zochulukirapo kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zimagawidwa kuti zimasulidwe pakafunika kwambiri.
Kodi kusungirako magetsi kungachepetse ndalama zomwe zimafunidwa kwa makasitomala amalonda?
Inde, iyi ndi imodzi mwamapulogalamu ofunikira kwambiri. Zolipiritsa zomwe zimafunidwa zimatengera kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamagetsi panthawi yolipira, nthawi zambiri kumakhala 30-70% ya bilu yamagetsi yamalonda. Makina osungira amatsata mphamvu yamagetsi ndikubaya mphamvu yosungidwa nthawi iliyonse yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ikafika pachimake, "kumeta" momwe akufunira. Ngakhale kachitidwe ka batri kakang'ono komwe kamachepetsa kuchuluka kwa 20-30% kumatha kupulumutsa ndalama zambiri pamaakaunti akulu azamalonda.
Kodi makinawa amasunga bwanji chitetezo ndi mabanki akuluakulu a batri?
Magawo angapo achitetezo chowunikira ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a batri. BMS imayang'ana mosalekeza mphamvu yamagetsi, yapano, ndi kutentha kwa selo lililonse motsutsana ndi malire otetezeka. Ngati chizindikiro chilichonse chikupitilira malire, makinawo amasiya kuyitanitsa kapena kutulutsa. Chitetezo chakuthupi chimaphatikizapo makina owongolera kutentha kuti asatenthedwe, -njira yolowera mpweya kuti mpweya utuluke, kuzimitsa moto, ndi masiwichi olekanitsa omwe angatsegule mabatire pamalumikizidwe onse akunja. Kulephera kwa BESS kunachitika makamaka pakuwongolera ndi kuwongolera zida zamakina, pomwe 11% yokha idachitika m'maselo omwe.
Kuphatikizika kwa kusungirako mphamvu kumasintha ma microgrid kuchokera ku machitidwe osavuta osunga zobwezeretsera kukhala nsanja zapamwamba zomwe zimapereka kudalirika, zachuma, ndi zopindulitsa zachilengedwe. Pamene mitengo ya batri ikupitilirabe kutsika komanso makina owongolera akukula mwanzeru, yembekezerani kukhazikitsidwa kwamagetsi osungira mphamvu a microgrid m'magawo onse okhala, malonda, ndi othandizira. Tekinolojeyi yakula kuchokera pakuyika zoyeserera mpaka kuzinthu zotsimikizika zomwe zimathandizira anthu mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndikuwonetsa kukula kwa msika kumatsimikizira izi mpaka 2030 ndi kupitilira apo.