Makina osungira mphamvu a microgrid amasunga magetsi ochulukirapo opangidwa kuchokera kumadera omwe amagawidwa ngati ma solar panel kapena ma turbines amphepo, kenako amatulutsa mphamvuyi ikatsika kapena kufunikira kukuwonjezeka. Dongosololi limagwira ntchito kudzera m'mabanki a mabatire (nthawi zambiri lithiamu-ion) yolumikizidwa ku zida zosinthira magetsi komanso chowongolera chanzeru chomwe chimatha kumatcha, kutulutsa, ndi kayendedwe ka mphamvu pakati pa ma microgrid, malo osungira, ndi gridi yayikulu.
Zigawo Zazikulu za Microgrid Energy Storage System
Dongosolo lililonse losungiramo mphamvu ya microgrid lili ndi zinthu zinayi zofunika zomwe zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kujambula, kusunga, ndikugawa mphamvu zamagetsi.
Battery energy storage system (BESS) imapanga mtima wa opareshoni. Mabatire a Lithium-ion amachulukirachulukira pamsika chifukwa amapereka mphamvu zochulukirachulukira kuwirikiza ka 5 mpaka 6 kuposa mabatire a lead-ndipo amatha kutsiriza 3,000-4,000 yochajisa isanatsike kufika 80%. Poyerekeza, mabatire a lead{{14}asidi amangoyendetsa ma 400-500 ma cycles asanatsike mpaka 50%. Dongosolo lanthawi zonse lokhala ndi zofunikira litha kukhala kuyambira 300 kW/386 kWh poyikapo ang'onoang'ono mpaka ma megawati angapo okhala ndi ma megawati angapo osungira.
The Battery Management System (BMS) imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa ma cell, kutentha, komanso kuchuluka kwa banki yonse. Izi zimalepheretsa kuchulukirachulukira, kuwongolera kusanja kwa ma cell, komanso kuteteza kuthawa kwa kutentha. Kutentha ndikofunikira kwambiri-mabatire a lithiamu{3}}ayoni amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pakati pa 40-110 degrees Fahrenheit, zomwe zimafuna makina oziziritsa kapena otenthetsera pamakina ambiri.
Makina osinthira magetsi amatsekereza kusiyana pakati pa kusungirako batire la DC ndi mphamvu ya grid ya AC. Popeza mabatire amasunga mphamvu ngati yachindunji koma ma gridi ambiri amagwira ntchito mosinthana, ma inverter a bidirectional amatha kutembenuka mbali zonse ziwiri. Ma inverters awa amayang'aniranso magawo apamwamba amagetsi monga kuwongolera ma voltage ndi kukhazikika pafupipafupi.
The energy management system (EMS) imagwira ntchito ngati ubongo wapakati, kupanga zisankho zenizeni zanthawi-zokhudza kayendedwe ka mphamvu. Kupyolera mu EMS, mphamvu zogawidwa, zosungirako, ndi gridi yayikulu zimayendetsedwa mogwirizana kuti zikhazikitse kusinthasintha, kupereka kugawa kwanuko, ndikupewa kutaya kufalitsa. Pulogalamuyi imasanthula mosalekeza zolosera zam'badwo, zolosera za katundu, mitengo yamagetsi, ndi mawonekedwe a batri kuti akwaniritse magwiridwe antchito.
Momwe Mphamvu Zimayendera M'dongosolo
Kuthamangitsa ndi kutulutsa mphamvu mu makina osungira mphamvu a microgrid kumatsata ndondomeko yoyendetsedwa ndi machitidwe olamulira omwe amagwira ntchito nthawi zosiyanasiyana.
Nthawi yochapira, ma sola akakhala kuti atulutsa magetsi ochulukirapo kuposa omwe amadya m'dera lanu kapena mitengo yamagetsi ikatsika nthawi yothira-panthawi yotentha kwambiri, EMS imatumiza mphamvu zambiri ku banki ya batri. Makina osinthira mphamvu amasintha mphamvu ya AC kuchokera ku ma jenereta kapena grid kukhala DC yapano yomwe imayenera kulipiritsa batire. Zida zosungiramo mphamvu zingapo zokhala ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zilipo, makinawa amawathandizira kuti azitchaja kuti zida zing'onozing'ono zisapereke ndalama zonse zisanachitike zazikulu, kutengera momwe zimapangira.
Njira yotulutsira imatembenuza kutuluka uku. Mphamvu zowonjezedwanso zikatsika-monga dzuwa likamalowa-kapena magetsi akachuluka kwambiri, chowongolera chimalawitsa mabatire kuti atulutse mphamvu zosungidwa. Inverter imatembenuza mphamvu ya batri ya DC kubwerera ku AC, kufananiza mphamvu yamagetsi ndi ma frequency a grid. BESS ikhoza kuyamba kutulutsa mphamvu ku gululi pafupifupi masekondi awiri, kupereka kuyankha mwachangu komwe majenereta amafuta otsalira sangafanane.
Kuthamanga kwamagetsi sikumakhala kofanana nthawi zonse. Mu grid{{1}mode yolumikizidwa, ma microgrid amatha kutulutsa mphamvu nthawi imodzi kuchokera ku gridi yayikulu, kupanga kuchokera komwe kuli komweko, kulipiritsa mabatire, kuthimitsa mabatire, ndi kutumiza zinthu zam'deralo-zonse kutengera zomwe algorithm ya kukhathamiritsa ikuwona kuti ndiyotchipa kwambiri kapena yodalirika panthawiyo.
Zitatu-Zomangamanga Zazigawo Zazigawo
Dongosolo losungirako mphamvu la microgrid lopangidwa bwino limagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe owongolera omwe ali ndi magawo oyambira, achiwiri, ndi apamwamba omwe amagwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono.
Kuwongolera koyambirira kumagwira ntchito mu milliseconds, kukhazikika kwamagetsi ndi ma frequency mkati mwa microgrid. Chosanjikiza ichi chimatsimikizira kuti katundu wamkulu akasintha mwadzidzidzi kapena kutulutsa kwa solar kutsika chifukwa cha chivundikiro chamtambo, dongosolo limayankha nthawi yomweyo kuti likhalebe ndi mphamvu. Ulamuliro woyamba umayang'aniranso momwe mphamvu zogwirira ntchito komanso zogwirira ntchito zimagawidwira pakati pazambiri zogawira mphamvu zomwe zimagawidwa popanda kufunikira kulumikizana pakati pawo.
Kuwongolera kwachiwiri kumagwira ntchito pamasekondi-mpaka{1}}panthawi ya mphindi, kukhala woyang'anira pakati. Imabwezeretsa voteji ya microgrid ndi ma frequency ndikulipiritsa zopatuka zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa katundu kapena magwero ongowonjezwdwa. Mulingo uwu umakonza kutsetsereka kulikonse komwe chiwongolero choyambirira sichinathe kuwongolera mokwanira ndipo chingathe kupangidwa kuti chikwaniritse zofunikira zamtundu wamagetsi monga kusanja kwamagetsi pamalo ovuta olumikizira.
Ulamuliro wamaphunziro apamwamba umagwira kuyambira mphindi mpaka maola, kuyang'ana kwambiri kukhathamiritsa kwachuma ndi kulumikizana kwa grid. Mulingo uwu nthawi zambiri umaphatikizapo kulosera zanyengo, mtengo wa gridi, ndi katundu m'maola kapena tsiku lotsatira kuti apange dongosolo lotumiza jenereta lomwe limapeza ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, ikhoza kudziwa kuti kulipiritsa mabatire nthawi ya 2 AM pamene magetsi amawononga $0.03/kWh ndi kutuluka 6 PM pamene mitengo igunda $0.35/kWh idzachulukitsa ndalama.
Kagwiritsidwe Ntchito: Gridi-Yolumikizidwa motsutsana ndi Island
Makina osungira mphamvu a Microgrid amagwira ntchito m'njira ziwiri zosiyana, iliyonse ili ndi njira zowongolera ndi zolinga zake.
Mu grid{{0}mode yolumikizidwa, microgrid imakhalabe yolumikizidwa ndi gridi yayikulu yolumikizirana (PCC). Apa, dongosolo yosungirako amapereka angapo mtengo mitsinje. Imameta kwambiri potulutsa madzi nthawi zambiri-zofunika kuti zichepetse ndalama zotsika mtengo. BESS imathanso kupangitsa kuti ma microgrid akhale olimba kwambiri-panthawi yozimitsa kapena kuchepa kwakanthawi kwa mphamvu yopangidwa ndi microgrid, BESS ikhoza kubwera pa intaneti nthawi yomweyo kuti ithandizire katundu wovuta. Dongosololi litha kuperekanso ntchito zowongolera pafupipafupi kuzinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kulipiritsa ndi kutulutsa mwachangu kuti zithandizire kusanja ma gridi ndi kufunikira.
Njira ya pachilumba imayatsidwa pomwe ma microgrid achoka pagululi, mwina mwadala kapena chifukwa chazimitsidwa. Pamene microgrid imachotsedwa ku gridi yamagetsi ndikugwira ntchito paokha, kugawidwa kwa mphamvu zogawidwa kumasintha ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo sikungathe kupereka kutulutsa kokhazikika kwa katundu. Kusungirako kumakhala kofunika kwambiri kuti muchepetse mipata iyi. Dongosolo lowongolera liyenera kulinganiza mosamalitsa kutulutsa, kulemedwa, ndi kuchuluka kwa batri popanda thandizo lililonse lakunja. Mabatire akatha panthawi yotalikirapo, ma protocol a load shedding amazimitsa basi-zinthu zosafunikira kwambiri kuti magetsi asungidwe pazida zofunika.
Kusintha pakati pa modes kumafuna kuwongolera mwaukadaulo. Zikazindikirika kuti zasokonekera, makina osungira mphamvu a microgrid amayenera kulumikizidwa mkati mozungulira, kupanga voliyumu yakeyake yokhazikika komanso kubwereza pafupipafupi, ndikupitilizabe kutulutsa katundu-zonse popanda kusokonezedwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito.
Zenizeni-Zitsanzo Zogwiritsa Ntchito Padziko Lonse
Kuwunika kutumizidwa kwenikweni kukuwonetsa momwe chiphunzitso chimatanthauzidwira pochita ndi ma metric omwe amagwirira ntchito.
Enel X anaika makina osungira mphamvu a microgrid pa 625-mayunitsi a nyumba m'dera la Brownsville ku Brooklyn, kuphatikiza solar solar 400 kW, 300 kW/1.2 MWh yosungirako mphamvu, ndi cell cell yamafuta ya 400 kW. Kukonzekera uku kumapereka mphamvu yokhazikika panthawi ya gridi yazimitsidwa ndikuchepetsa mtengo wamagetsi kudzera mukugwiritsa ntchito solar komanso kasamalidwe ka ndalama.
Pamlingo wokulirapo, solar ya Enel X{0}}kuphatikiza-posungira microgrid ya fakitale ya Eaton Electrical ku Las Piedras, Puerto Rico imaphatikiza mphamvu ya solar photovoltaic pafupifupi 5 MW ndi pafupifupi 1.1 MW/2.2 MWh ya malo osungira mabatire. Kuchuluka kosungirako kumathandizira kuti malowa azitha kusintha mphamvu ya solar kuchokera pakupanga masana mpaka nthawi yofunikira madzulo.
NREL imathandizira kupanga makina atatu-magawo atatu, 300-kW/386-kWh-yomangirira makina pogwiritsa ntchito lithiamu-ion, nickel cadmium, ndi mabatire a lead acid okonzedwa kuti azipereka mphamvu ndi mphamvu zomwe zilipo. Njira yochulukayi-yomwe imasonyeza mmene mabatire amagwirira ntchito{9}}lithium{10}}yoni pa kachulukidwe ka mphamvu, lead-acid pamagetsi otsika mtengo, ndi nickel cadmium popirira kutentha.
Mu 2024, ma microgrid atsopano 59 adatumizidwa ku 241 MW, ndi ma microgrids osungira mphamvu omwe amapereka 19.5 MWh kapena 33.2 MWh. Dziko la United States linaika 11.9 GW ya malo osungira mphamvu za batire mu 2024 mokha, ndipo msika ukuyembekezeka kufika 18.2 GW wamagetsi atsopano-mu 2025.
Ntchito Zofunika Kwambiri
Makina osungira mphamvu a microgrid amagwira ntchito zitatu zofunika zomwe zimasiyanitsa ma microgrid amakono ndi majenereta osunga zosunga zobwezeretsera.
Kusintha kwamphamvu ndi kusintha kwamphamvu kumayimira ntchito yayikulu yazachuma. Potchaja mabatire pa-maola otsika kwambiri (nthawi zambiri usiku) komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zomwe zasungidwa m'nyengo zotentha kwambiri (nthawi zambiri masana ndi madzulo), makina amatha kuchepetsa mtengo wa magetsi, ndipo eni nyumba ambiri amanena kuti apulumutsa ndi 30-50% pa ngongole za mwezi uliwonse. Commerce microgrids imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi{{5}yogwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu kwambiri, nthawi zina amatsitsa 60-70% pamitengo yofunidwa.
Kuwongolera kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kumayendera ma voltages ndi kukhazikika pafupipafupi. Poyang'anira makina osinthira mphamvu yosungiramo mphamvu, makinawo amasinthira mphamvu yogwira ndi yotakasuka ku microgrid ndikuthetsa ma dips ndi ma sags. Mota yayikulu ikayamba, ndikupanga kutsika kwamagetsi nthawi yomweyo, makina osungira amalowetsa mphamvu zamagetsi mkati mwa ma milliseconds kuti abwezere. Izi zimalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa zida ndi kusokoneza ndondomeko.
Kusalaza kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kumathetsa kusinthasintha kwavuto kwa kupanga kwa dzuwa ndi mphepo. Mtambo wodutsa pamtundu wa solar ungayambitse kutsika kwa 80% mumasekondi. Popanda kusungirako, izi zitha kuyambitsa ma voltages owopsa komanso maulendo afupipafupi. Dongosolo losungiramo mphamvu limakhazikika kusinthasintha kwa mphamvu zogawidwa, limapereka kutulutsa kosasunthika, ndikupangitsa kugawa kwanuko kwa m'badwo wongowonjezwdwa. Zosungirako zimawononga panthawi yopanga zongowonjezwdwanso zambiri komanso zimatulutsidwa panthawi yopumira, kuwonetsa mphamvu zokhazikika pazonyamula ndi grid.
Mavuto Aukadaulo ndi Mayankho
Ngakhale zili zopindulitsa, kukhazikitsa makina osungira mphamvu a microgrid kumakumana ndi zovuta zingapo zaumisiri zomwe oyendetsa ayenera kuthana nazo.
Kuwonongeka kwa batri kumakhudza mphamvu ndi chitetezo pakapita nthawi. Mabatire ambiri a lithiamu amakhala pafupifupi kuzungulira 4,000 asanagwere mpaka 80% ya mphamvu yoyambirira. Pakazungulira kamodzi patsiku, izi zikutanthauza pafupifupi zaka 11 zakugwira ntchito. Komabe, kutulutsa kwakukulu ndi kutentha kwakukulu kumathandizira kuwonongeka. Ma algorithms a Smart EMS tsopano amathandizira pakuchajitsa kuti achepetse kupsinjika-mwachitsanzo, kusunga mabatire pakati pa 20-80% ya mphamvu yolipirira nthawi zonse komanso kusunga mphamvu zonse pazadzidzidzi.
Kuwongolera zovuta kumawonjezeka kwambiri ndi kukula kwa dongosolo ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagawidwa. Ma microgrid okhala ndi ma solar angapo, ma turbines amphepo, ma jenereta, ndi mabanki a batri amafuna kugwirizanitsa ma inverter ndi owongolera. Ma microgrid ang'onoang'ono nthawi zina amatchedwa nanogrids akamamanga nyumba imodzi, ndipo kulumikizana kwa ma nanogrids angapo kumapanga maukonde omwe amathandizira kugawana mphamvu pakati pa machitidwe pawokha. Njira yophatikizirayi imathandizira kuwongolera mosavuta popanga magawo omwe oyang'anira m'deralo amayang'anira ma nanogrid pawokha komanso woyang'anira wamkulu amagwirizanitsa-mayendedwe amagetsi a nanogrid.
Mtengo udakali chotchinga chachikulu ngakhale mitengo ya batri ikutsika. Kafukufuku wa 2018 NREL adapeza kuti ma microgrid ku Continental United States amawononga pafupifupi $ 2-5 miliyoni pa megawati iliyonse kuti apange. Komabe, kusungirako mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi pamsika wa ma microgrids akuyembekezeka kufika $2.1 biliyoni kuyambira 2024-2028, kukulira pa 22.79% CAGR, kuyendetsa chuma chambiri. Mitundu yopezera ndalama ngati Microgrid Service Agreements tsopano imalola mabungwe kuti agwiritse ntchito makina okhala ndi ziro patsogolo.
Emerging Technologies ndi Zamtsogolo Zamtsogolo
Maonekedwe a makina osungira mphamvu a microgrid akupitilizabe kupitilira machitidwe anthawi zonse a lithiamu-ion.
Makasitomala amtundu wina wa batri akupeza mphamvu pazogwiritsa ntchito zina. Pofika m'chaka cha 2024, mabatire a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) akhala ofunika kwambiri posungirako zinthu zambiri chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa zinthu zambiri, moyo wautali, komanso chitetezo chochuluka poyerekeza ndi faifi tambala{2}zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito lithiamu{3}}mafakitale a ion. Mabatire akuyenda amakhala ndi maubwino osiyanasiyana-nthawi zonse amakhala opanda malire komanso makulitsidwe odziyimira pawokha a mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu-kuwapangitsa kukhala owoneka bwino kwa nthawi yayitali{7}}kusunga kwa nthawi yayitali.
Magetsi{{0}hydrogen-ammonia coupled microgrids address supply-imafuna kusalinganika pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu yosungira mphamvu yomwe imagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa magetsi pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Zosanjikiza zapamwamba zimagwira ntchito chaka chilichonse ndi masitepe a mlungu ndi mlungu osungira ammonia, pomwe gawo lapansi limayenda mlungu uliwonse ndi masitepe a ola la hydrogen ndi magetsi. Njira zambiri-zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana za nyengo zomwe mabatire pawokha sangathe kuthana nazo mwachuma.
Kukhathamiritsa kwanzeru zopangapanga ndikusintha kasamalidwe ka mphamvu mumakina apamwamba osungira mphamvu a microgrid. Ma algorithms ophunzirira makina tsopano amaneneratu za kupanga kwa solar, mawonekedwe a katundu, ndi mitengo yamagetsi molondola kwambiri, ndikupangitsa njira zotumizirana zotsogola kwambiri. Njira zamakono zingapereke mathero-ku{3}}kuthetsa kulamulira kwa microgrid pogwiritsa ntchito makina ophunzirira monga kulimbikitsana mozama, kuwongolera mosalekeza kachitidwe malinga ndi data ya m'mbiri ndi{4}}zokambirana za nthawi yeniyeni.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Kodi microgrid imatha nthawi yayitali bwanji posungira batire yokha?
Nthawi yothamanga imadalira kuchuluka kwa batri komanso kuchuluka kwa katundu. Njira yosungiramo mphamvu ya microgrid yokhala ndi 10-15 kWh yosungira imatha kunyamula katundu wofunikira kwa maola 4-8. Makina okulirapo ngati 300 kW/1.2 MWh ku Brownsville atha kupereka mphamvu zonse kwa maola 4 kapena kupitilira maola 12+ potumiza katundu wovuta kwambiri. Makina azamalonda nthawi zambiri amakula kwa maola 2-4 pachimake, ngakhale malo ena ovuta amatchula maola 8-24 osungitsa.
Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani mabatire akafika pakuwomba kwambiri panthawi yopanga mphamvu ya dzuwa?
EMS ili ndi njira zingapo: kutumiza mphamvu zochulukira ku gridi yayikulu ngati gridi-yolumikizidwa ndi ma neti metering ilipo, chepetsani makina ongowonjezedwanso pochotsa ma sola kapena ma turbine amphepo, kapena kusintha katundu wosinthasintha monga kutenthetsa madzi kapena kuzizira kwa HVAC{1}kusanayambe{1}}kuzizira kuti mugwiritse ntchito zotsalira. Munthawi yotsika yolemetsa, makina osungira mphamvu amasunga mphamvu zochulukirapo kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zimagawidwa kuti zimasulidwe pakafunika kwambiri.
Kodi kusungirako magetsi kungachepetse ndalama zomwe zimafunidwa kwa makasitomala amalonda?
Inde, iyi ndi imodzi mwamapulogalamu ofunikira kwambiri. Zolipiritsa zomwe zimafunidwa zimatengera kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamagetsi panthawi yolipira, nthawi zambiri kumakhala 30-70% ya bilu yamagetsi yamalonda. Makina osungira amatsata mphamvu yamagetsi ndikubaya mphamvu yosungidwa nthawi iliyonse yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ikafika pachimake, "kumeta" momwe akufunira. Ngakhale kachitidwe ka batri kakang'ono komwe kamachepetsa kuchuluka kwa 20-30% kumatha kupulumutsa ndalama zambiri pamaakaunti akulu azamalonda.
Kodi makinawa amasunga bwanji chitetezo ndi mabanki akuluakulu a batri?
Magawo angapo achitetezo chowunikira ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a batri. BMS imayang'ana mosalekeza mphamvu yamagetsi, yapano, ndi kutentha kwa selo lililonse motsutsana ndi malire otetezeka. Ngati chizindikiro chilichonse chikupitilira malire, makinawo amasiya kuyitanitsa kapena kutulutsa. Chitetezo chakuthupi chimaphatikizapo makina owongolera kutentha kuti asatenthedwe, -njira yolowera mpweya kuti mpweya utuluke, zozimitsa moto, ndi masiwichi olekanitsa omwe angatsegule mabatire panjira zonse zolumikizira kunja. Kulephera kwa BESS kunachitika makamaka pakuwongolera ndi kuwongolera zida zamakina, pomwe 11% yokha idachitika m'maselo omwe.
Kuphatikizana kosungirako mphamvu kumasintha ma microgrids kuchokera ku machitidwe osavuta osunga zobwezeretsera kukhala nsanja zapamwamba zomwe zimapereka kudalirika, zachuma, ndi zopindulitsa zachilengedwe. Pamene mitengo ya batri ikucheperachepera komanso makina owongolera akukula mwanzeru, yembekezerani kukhazikitsidwa kwamagetsi osungira mphamvu a microgrid m'magawo onse okhala, malonda, ndi othandizira. Ukadaulowu wakula kuyambira pakuyika zoyeserera mpaka kuzinthu zotsimikizika zomwe zimathandizira anthu mamiliyoni padziko lonse lapansi, ndikuyerekeza kukula kwa msika kumatsimikizira izi mpaka 2030 ndi kupitilira apo.