Ogwiritsa ntchito grid akhala akuponya ndalama pavuto losungirako kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo zotsatira zake zili ponseponse. Misika ina imawona makhazikitsidwe akukula mwachangu kuposa momwe aliyense amanenera, pomwe ena sangapeze mapulojekiti pololeza ngakhale pakufunika zofunikira.
Kusagwirizana pakati pa mibadwo ndi katundu sikwachilendo. Dzuwa silitulutsa kalikonse usiku, mphepo imafa panthawi yabata, ndipo wina ayenera kuyatsa nyali mosasamala kanthu. Makina akuluakulu osungira mphamvu amapitilira kukhala ngati yankho, koma machitidwe otumizira akuwonetsa kuti zachuma ndi zofunikira zaukadaulo zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri.
N'chifukwa chiyani timagwiritsa ntchito makina akuluakulu osungira mphamvu?
Palibe yankho limodzi. Kuwongolera pafupipafupi kumafunikira nthawi yoyankha ma millisecond. Mphamvu arbitrage imafuna nthawi yayitali. Kumeta pachimake kumafuna njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendetsera njinga kuposa mphamvu zosunga zobwezeretsera. Ogwiritsa ntchito ma gridi amafunikira zida zomwe zimatha kuthana ndi zofunikira zingapo, ndipo zopangira magetsi zachikhalidwe zidapereka izi kudzera m'mikhalidwe yomwe mabatire amayenera kubwereza kudzera pa mapulogalamu ndi zowongolera.
China idayika malo opitilira 16 GW a gridi yatsopano{1}} mu 2023 mokha. Chiwerengero chimenecho chimaposa zomwe Europe ndi North America zinaphatikizana zidakwanitsa kutumizira. Kusiyanaku kukuwonetsa ubwino wopanga, kuthandizira kwa mfundo zaukali, ndi zoletsa zochepa zoletsa kulumikizana ndi gridi. Kaya madera ena atha kutseka kusiyana kumeneku kumakhalabe kokayikitsa tikaganizira momwe maubwino amenewo akhazikika.
Tesla's Hornsdale Power Reserve ku South Australia idayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2017 pa mphamvu ya 100 MW / 129 MWh ndipo idalipira mkati mwa zaka zitatu kutengera malipoti a opareshoni ochokera ku https://arena.gov.au. Koma polojekitiyi inapindula ndi msika wa ku South Australia womwe kulibe kulikonse - kusinthasintha kwamitengo yamtengo wapatali, zolumikizira ukalamba, komanso malamulo oyendetsera ma frequency omwe amafunikira nthawi yoyankha mwachangu kuposa nthawi.
Kugulitsa kwanthawi yayitali-kuchepa
Mabatire a Lithium-ion amakupatsirani 2-maola 4 kutulutsa ndi mphamvu yake yovoteledwa. Kachulukidwe ka mphamvu kamakhala pafupifupi 250-340 Wh/kg pamakhemistri apano. Mafotokozedwewa amagwira ntchito bwino pamayendedwe apanjinga ndi ma frequency a tsiku ndi tsiku koma amasowa mukafuna kusungirako nyengo kapena kusungitsa masiku angapo.
-kuyenda mozungulira kwa 85-95% kumamveka bwino mpaka mutakhala ndi vuto pa zaka 15-20 za moyo wa polojekiti. Kutha kwa mphamvu sikuli mzere, katundu wowonjezera amadya mphamvu yomwe ilipo, ndipo kasamalidwe ka kutentha kumadya mphamvu zomwe sizimawonekera pamitu yamutu.
Pumped hydro imakhalabe yopitilira 90% ya mphamvu zosungira padziko lonse lapansi ndipo itero kwazaka zambiri. Malowa amagwira ntchito kwa zaka 50+ osawonongeka pang'ono, amatha kutulutsidwa kwa maola 6 mpaka 20 kutengera kukula kwa nkhokwe, ndipo amakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito odziwikiratu. Geography imachepetsa komwe masamba atsopano angapangidwe, ndipo kulola kumatenga zaka zambiri zikakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe.
Kusintha kwamitengo sikolunjika
Mitengo ya batri idatsika kuchoka pa $1,100/kWh mu 2010 kufika pansi pa $140/kWh pofika 2023 malinga ndi kutsatira kwa Bloomberg pa https://bnef.com - zomwe zidasintha chuma cha polojekiti m'misika yambiri. Koma mtengo wazinthu umapanga mitengo yapansi yomwe sing'anga yokhayo siyingagonjetse.
Mitengo ya Lithium idakwera kwambiri mu 2022 isanabwerere. Unyolo wa nickel ndi cobalt amakumana ndi zovuta zawo. Lingaliro loti mitengo ipitilira kutsika pamitengo yakale sikhalapo ngati kupezeka kwazinthu zopangira kumakhala kokakamiza m'malo mopanga bwino.
Misika ina tsopano ikuwona kusungirako kupikisana ndi okwera gasi pazachuma zenizeni popanda thandizo. Ena amafunikirabe kulipirira mphamvu kapena njira zina kuti atseke mipata yopezera ndalama. Kufalikira pakati pa zotsatilazi kumadalira mitengo yamagetsi a m'deralo, milingo yolowera, zolepheretsa kutumiza, ndi kusakanikirana komwe kulipo kale m'njira zomwe sizimachepera kukhala njira zosavuta.
Manambala a grid sanapangidwe kuti akhazikitse mabatire a 300 MW omwe amatha kusuntha 600 MW pa makina mkati mwa masekondi pang'ono posintha kuchoka pa charger kupita kukhetsa. Oyendetsa ma transmission amayenera kulembanso njira zotetezera ndi njira zogwirira ntchito. Madera ena adasintha mwachangu. Ena adayambitsa zovuta zomwe zidachedwetsa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri ngakhale kuti chuma chinali chotheka.
Mapulogalamu amafunikira kwambiri kuposa momwe anthu amaganizira
Kuwongolera ma aligorivimu pangani kapena kuphwanya zofunikira-mapulojekiti osungira. Kuwongolera kayendedwe kamalipiro/kutulutsa, kuyang'anira kuwonongeka, kuchita nawo ntchito zambiri zamsika nthawi imodzi, kulumikizana ndi ogwiritsira ntchito gridi - kutsogola kwa makinawa kumatsimikizira ngati mapulojekiti amakwaniritsa momwe ndalama zikuyendera. Makhazikitsidwe angapo oyambilira sanachite bwino chifukwa njira zowongolera sizinali zokwanira kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe amakumana nazo.
Kusunga ndalama kumamveka molunjika mpaka mutakumana ndi malamulo amsika omwe amaletsa kuwerengera kuchuluka komweko kangapo kapena kutenga nawo gawo m'misika ingapo nthawi imodzi. Dongosolo lomwe lingathe kupereka ntchito zingapo litha kukhala lochita kupanga ndalama imodzi kapena ziwiri zokha. Zoletsa izi zimasiyana kwambiri pakati pa madera ndikusintha momwe owongolera amawunikira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito zosungira zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi mibadwo yakale kapena magulu a katundu.
Tekinoloje zina zimapitilirabe kuvutikira kuti azikoka
Mabatire oyenda, kusungitsa mpweya, kusungirako mphamvu ya mpweya wamadzimadzi - njira zina izi zimakambidwa mosalekeza ngati njira zothetsera nthawi yayitali pamtengo wotsika pa MWh. Manambala otumizidwa amakhalabe ochepa.
Highview Power inapereka malo opangira mpweya wa 50 MW / 250 MWh ku UK m'chaka cha 2022 monga momwe zinalembedwera pa https://highviewpower.com, zomwe zikuimira imodzi mwa -njira zina zocheperako zamalonda kuposa lithiamu-ion ndi pumped hydro. Kaya izi zikuwonetsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ana ambiri kapena kukhalabe ntchito yocheperako zimatengera momwe mtengo wake sunakwaniritsire.
Pali kusagwirizana kwakukulu pazifukwa za nthawi yayitali. Kodi gridi imafunika kusungirako kwa maola 8+ kotalika kotani poyerekeza ndi-zaufupi{2}makina a nthawi ndi zina zowonjezera? Maphunziro ochokera m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana amafika pamalingaliro otsutsana okhudzana ndi zofunikira zosungiramo zinthu zongowonjezwdwanso zolowera, ndi kufalikira komwe kumawonetsa malingaliro okhudzana ndi kusinthasintha kwakufunika, kukulitsa kufalikira, ndi kupitiliza mphamvu yamafuta otsalira kuposa kusanthula kwaukadaulo.
Mabanki akukhala omasuka ndi ntchito zosungirako pomwe mbiri yantchito ikukula, ngakhale kuti ndalama zimasiyana kwambiri. Misika ina imakhala ndi makontrakitala okhazikika komanso zoyambira zokhazikitsidwa. Ena amawona projekiti iliyonse ngati chiwopsezo chapadera chomwe chimafuna kusamala mwachizolowezi. Mtengo wa inshuwaransi wa chiwopsezo cha moto wa batri watsika pomwe machitidwe achitetezo akuwongolera koma kukhalabe chinthu chomwe chimakhudza kuwerengetsera kotheka.
Njira yoyendetsera zinthu ikuwonetsa kuti makhazikitsidwe akukulirakulira - 500 maofesi a MW zomwe zikadawoneka ngati zosatheka zaka khumi zapitazo ndizozolowera, ndipo mapulojekiti 1 GW-akukonzekera. Kukweza kumeneku kumabweretsa kuchepetsedwa kwa -MW mtengo kudzera munjira zofananira ndi magawo ogawana pomwe ndikuyika chiwopsezo chodalirika cha gridi pamalo amodzi. Kaya malondawo-wamveka bwino zimadalira momwe mumaonera ukadaulo wodalirika komanso zomwe muyenera kuchita kuti ziwonjezeke.
Zolepheretsa kupanga zimaluma kwambiri kuposa momwe amayembekezera
Kuchuluka kwa mafakitale a ma cell ndi machitidwe kudakula kwambiri koma maunyolo operekera amakhalabe otalikirapo pakafunika. Nthawi zotsogola pazinthu zazikulu zimafikira miyezi 12-18. Kuperewera kwa zinthu kunayambitsa kuchedwa kwa ntchito komwe kunalibe chochita ndi kukonzekera kwaukadaulo kapena kupezeka kwandalama.
China imapanga zoposa 75% za lithiamu -zotulutsa ma ion cell. Kukhazikika kumeneko kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zopindulitsa pakukula kwachuma komanso kusatetezeka kwa chain chain kutengera momwe dziko likuwonera. Madera ena akutsanulira ndalama muzopanga zapakhomo, koma kugwira ntchito kumatenga nthawi pamene luso lazopanga limafunikira monga kugulitsa ndalama.
Kuganizira za kupirira kwa nyengo kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kusungidwa kosungirako kupitirira phindu lophatikizananso. Mphepo yamkuntho yaku Texas ya 2021 idawonetsa momwe mbadwo wamba ungasapezeke ndendende pakafunika. Kusungirako kumapereka mwayi wosunga zosunga zobwezeretsera womwe ndi wovuta kuwerengera mumayendedwe odalirika achikhalidwe koma amayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi owongolera ndi zida zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwanyengo kwanthawi yayitali.
Chisinthiko cha teknoloji chimaposa kusintha kwadongosolo. Zomwe zinali zomveka pakukonzekera grid zaka zisanu zapitazo sizikuwonetsa luso kapena ndalama zomwe zilipo. Kusiyanaku kumabweretsa mwayi wamapulojekiti omwe amatha kuyenda mwachangu pomwe zida zokhazikitsidwa zimagwira ntchito yokonzekera nthawi yayitali komanso kuvomereza zomwe sizinapangidwe kuti zisungidwe.
Zotsatira za gawoli zikuwonetsa kuti kukula kwachangu kupitilirabe, ngakhale kugawa kumadera onse ndikugwiritsa ntchito sikuli kofanana. Luso laukadaulo latengera zofunikira - zachuma ndi zowongolera tsopano zikuwonetsa mitengo yotumizira kuposa kukonzekera kwaukadaulo.
Kutenga nawo gawo pamsika kumakhala kovuta mwachangu
Misika yosiyana siyana yamagetsi yamagetsi ili ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana amomwe kusungirako kungatengerepo gawo ndi zomwe mautumiki amawerengera pazantchito. PJM imachita zosungirako mosiyana ndi CAISO, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe osiyanasiyana kuposa ERCOT. Mapulojekiti akuyenera kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka msika wamba asanamalize zaukadaulo chifukwa zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamsika wina zitha kukhala zocheperako kwina.
Misika yothandizira othandizira imapereka ndalama zambiri m'magawo ena koma m'malo ena mulibe. Mtengo wowongolera pafupipafupi umasiyanasiyana kutengera mawonekedwe a gridi, kapangidwe kake kagulu ka jenereta, ndi milingo yowonjezedwanso yolowera. Pulojekiti yomwe imakhala yomveka pakulumikizana kumodzi imatha kuvutikira kulemba ma 200 mailosi pansi pa gridi yosiyana ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana amsika.
Mizere yolumikizirana ili yodzaza ndi mapulojekiti osungira omwe akudikirira maphunziro okhudzana ndi gridi ndikukweza kugawidwa kwamitengo. Nthawi zodikira zimakhala zaka kumadera ena. Pakadali pano ukadaulo ukupitilirabe bwino ndipo ndalama zikutsika, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mapulojekiti omwe adalowa pamzere zaka ziwiri zapitazo angafunikire kukonzanso kuti akhale ndi zida zatsopano, zotsika mtengo pofika nthawi yomwe alandila chilolezo kuti alumikizane.
Thandizo la ndondomekoyi limasiyanasiyana kwambiri
Ndalama zamisonkho zogulira zidasintha chuma cha polojekiti m'malo ena. Madera ena amadalira misika yamagetsi kapena mphamvu zongowonjezera zomwe zimalimbikitsa kusungidwa. Malo ochepa sanachitepo kanthu-mwanzeru koma akuwonabe kutumizidwa chifukwa zoyambira zamsika zimagwira ntchito popanda thandizo.
Kukhazikika kwa ndondomeko yothandizira kumafunikanso monga kuwolowa manja kwake. Otsatsa amafunika chidaliro kuti zomanga sizisintha kwambiri mkati mwa zaka 20 za moyo wa polojekiti. Kusintha kwa mfundo zobwerera m'mbuyo m'misika ina yaku Europe kudasokoneza otukula ndikuchepetsa kutumiza kwa anthu kwazaka zambiri ngakhale pambuyo poti zikhazikitsidwe zokhazikika.
Malamulo a boma-ku US amapanga zinthu zingapo zofunika ndi zolimbikitsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njira zachitukuko za dziko lonse-zikhale zovuta. Zosungirako zaukali ku California zidapangitsa kuti anthu atumizidwe koyambirira koma zidapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zapamsika pomwe opanga amapikisana kuti apange zochepa. Mayiko ena adayenda pang'onopang'ono ndikupindula ndi maphunziro omwe adaphunzira komanso kupezeka kwaukadaulo.
Njira zokonzekera zotumizira zimayenera kusinthidwa kuti ziwerengedwe za kuthekera kosungirako. Kukonzekera kwachikale kumaganiziridwa kuti zida zopangira zida zidakhala m'malo okhazikika, koma mabatire atha kutumizidwa kulikonse ndi kulumikizana ndi grid. Kusinthasintha kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti anthu okonza mapulani asamadziwe bwino momwe angaphatikizire mamodelo awo ndi kupindula-kuwunika mtengo.
Kumbuyo-kwa -mita motsutsana ndi kutsogolo-kwa-zisankho zotumiza mita kumakhudza magulu osiyanasiyana okhudzidwa, mabungwe azandalama, ndi kuyan'anila malamulo. Ntchito zina zimaonekeratu kuti zili m'gulu limodzi, koma zambiri zimatha kupita njira iliyonse kutengera umwini ndi njira zopezera ndalama. Kugawanika pakati pa njira zotumizira izi kumasintha pamene misika ikusintha ndikusintha malamulo.
Zofunikira pachitetezo chamoto zimangosinthidwa pomwe zochitika zambiri zikuchulukirachulukira. Kuyika koyambirira kunagwiritsa ntchito njira zosavuta zowongolera matenthedwe zomwe zidawoneka zosakwanira pansi panjira zina zolephera. Mapulojekiti atsopanowa amaphatikiza njira zingapo zotetezera zosafunikira zomwe zimawonjezera mtengo koma zimachepetsa ndalama za inshuwaransi komanso kuwunika koyang'anira. Chiwongola dzanja pakati pa ndalama zotetezedwa ndi chiwopsezo chovomerezeka chikupitilirabe kusinthika pamene makampani akukula.