Mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zosungirako mabatire zimatanthawuza machitidwe omwe amajambula ndikusunga magetsi opangidwa kuchokera kumagwero ongowonjezedwanso monga dzuwa ndi mphepo, kenako amawamasula pakafunika. Makina osungira magetsi a batri (BESS) amathetsa vuto lalikulu la mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso: dzuŵa siliwala nthawi zonse komanso mphepo siomba nthawi zonse, koma kufunikira kwa magetsi sikumayima.
Kukula kwa Kukula Kosungirako Battery
Msika wosungira batire wafika poyambira. Kuchuluka kwa batire ku US-kunaposa magigawati 26 mu 2024, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa 66% kuposa chaka cham'mbuyo. Opereka magetsi adawonjezera 10.4 GW ya mphamvu zatsopano mu 2024 mokha, ndipo zoyerekeza zikuwonetsa kuti 18.2 GW ina idzabwera pa intaneti mu 2025.
Izi sizowonjezera pang'ono pagululi. Gemini Solar Plus Storage Project ku Nevada, yomwe ikugwira ntchito kuyambira July 2024, ikuphatikiza famu yoyendera dzuwa ya 690-MW yokhala ndi batire ya 380-MW yomwe imatha kusunga maola 1,416 megawati. Malo a Moss Landing ku California ndi omwe ndi akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pa 750 MW. Ntchito zazikuluzikuluzi zikadakhala zosatheka pazachuma zaka khumi zapitazo.
Kukula kukuwonetsa kusintha kwakukulu. Padziko lonse lapansi, msika wosungira mphamvu za batri udakulitsidwa ndi 44% mu 2024, ndikuyika 69 GW yamphamvu. Wood Mackenzie akupanga kuti msika wapadziko lonse lapansi udutsa materawati 1 m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi{6}}pafupifupi kuwirikiza kasanu ndi kawiri mphamvu yomwe yakhazikitsidwa pano. China ndi United States zikuyendetsa kukula uku, ndipo Texas ndi California zikuwerengera pafupifupi 20 GW za mphamvu zaku US.
Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti kukulaku kukhale kokhazikika ndi zachuma. Mitengo ya batri ya Lithium-yatsika kwambiri kuposa 90% m'zaka khumi zapitazi, ndipo mu 2024 zidatsika ndi 40%. Kutsika kwamitengo kumeneku kunasintha malo osungira mabatire kuchoka pagulu lokwera mtengo kukhala mwala wapangodya wamagetsi ongowonjezeranso.
Momwe Kusungirako Battery Kumathandizira Mphamvu Zongowonjezera
Mphamvu zongowonjezwwdwanso zimapanga kupezeka-kufunidwa kosagwirizana komwe mabatire athetsa. Ma sola amatulutsa mphamvu zochulukirapo masana pomwe kufunikira kwake kumakhala kotsika, pomwe kufunikira kwa magetsi kumafika madzulo dzuwa litalowa. Mphepo zimatsata malingaliro awo, nthawi zambiri zimapanga zambiri usiku m'madera ambiri. Popanda kusungirako, mphamvu zowonjezereka zowonjezerekazi zimatha kuchepetsedwa (kuwonongeka) kapena zimafuna mafuta opangira mafuta kuti akwaniritse mipata.
Makina osungira mabatire amalipira pakatha nthawi yowonjezedwanso ndi kutulutsidwa nthawi yayitali-yakufunika. Izi sizongopeka chabe-zikuchitika pamlingo waukulu. Munthawi yanthawi yayitali kwambiri ya dzuwa ku California, makina a batri amamwa magigawati amphamvu kwambiri. Madzulo akafuna ma spikes ndi kutsika kwa mphamvu ya dzuwa, mabatire omwewa amatuluka, ndikuchotsa kufunikira kwamafuta achilengedwe amafuta achilengedwe.
Makinawa amaphatikiza kulumikizana kwaukadaulo. Mapulogalamu anzeru a batri amagwiritsa ntchito ma aligorivimu kuti azitha kuyang'anira momwe zinthu zilili pa gridi-nthawi yeniyeni, kusankha nthawi yochapira, nthawi yotulutsa, komanso kuchuluka kwake. Makina owongolera amatha kuthana ndi zosowa za grid mu ma milliseconds, kupereka masevisi omwe amakhalapo kuyambira kukhazikika pompopompo mpaka kusinthasintha-maola ambiri.
Gulu la grid-sikelo ya batri ya lithiamu{1}}yokhala ndi zigawo zitatu zazikulu. Battery paketi yokha imasunga mphamvu kudzera mu electrochemical reaction. Ma inverter amasintha mabatire omwe akulunjika kuti akhale osinthika kuti agwirizane ndi grid. Dongosololi limaphatikizapo zida zozizirira, kuzimitsa moto, makina owunikira, ndi zida zolumikizira grid. Magawowa amagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti akwaniritse-maulendo oyenda bwino pafupifupi 85%, kutanthauza kuti 85% ya mphamvu zomwe zimayikidwa pachaji zimatulukanso ikatuluka.
The Storage Duration Framework
Kumvetsetsa kusungirako kwa batire kumafuna kuzindikira kuti mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana amafunikira nthawi yosungira yosiyana, ndipo si mabatire onse amagwira ntchito yofanana.
Kuwongolera pafupipafupi: Masekondi mpaka Mphindi
Gulu lamagetsi lamagetsi liyenera kusunga ma frequency-60 Hz ku United States. Ngakhale kupatuka pang'ono kumatha kuwononga zida kapena kuyambitsa kuzimitsa. Makina osungira mabatire amapambana pakuwongolera pafupipafupi chifukwa amayankha m'tigawo ting'onoting'ono, mwachangu kuposa momwe majenereta achikhalidwe amatha kukwera kapena kutsika.
Mapulogalamuwa safuna mphamvu zazikulu. Batire limatha kutulutsa kwa mphindi zingapo panthawi, nthawi zambiri patsiku. Mtengo umachokera ku liwiro komanso kuyankha, osati nthawi yosungira.
Kumeta Kwambiri Ndi Kusintha Kwa Katundu: Maola 1-4
Izi zikuyimira ukadaulo wamakono wa lithium-ion. Makina ambiri a batri omwe adayikidwa mu 2024 adapangidwa kuti azitha maola 1 mpaka 4 akutha. Amalipiritsa-nthawi yocheperako pamene zowonjezedwanso zapitilira kuwononga, kenako zimatulutsidwa munthawi yomwe zikufunika kwambiri.
Zachuma zimagwira ntchito chifukwa mabatirewa amatha kutulutsa tsiku lililonse, kupanga ndalama kudzera muzinthu zingapo. Amachepetsa mtengo wamakasitomala amalonda, amathandizira ma gridi munthawi yanthawi yayitali, ndikupatsanso nthawi-ya{2}}kugwiritsa ntchito mopanda malire{{3}kugula zotsika mtengo{4}}zamagetsi apamwamba ndikugulitsa magetsi okwera mtengo kwambiri.
Gridi yaku California ikuwonetsa izi momveka bwino. Mabatire amatenga nthawi zambiri masana masana ndi kuwonjezereka kwadzuwa ndikutuluka madzulo pachimake, chodabwitsa chomwe chimatchedwa "kupindika kwa bakha." Zenera lotulutsa la maola 3-4 limagwirizana bwino ndi kusiyana pakati pa kutsika kwadzuwa kwa masana ndi kuchepetsa kufunikira kwa nthawi yogona.
Kuyenda Panjinga Tsiku ndi Tsiku: Maola 4-10
Makina otalikirapo-amatha kusunga makina ongowonjezedwanso m'mawa kuti agwiritse ntchito madzulo, kapena kujambula solar masana kuti agwiritse ntchito usiku wonse. Bungwe la National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Storage Futures Study lidaunika masinthidwe opangidwa kuti azisunga mpaka maola 10 a mphamvu, kusonyeza kuti izi zidzasinthanso ntchito-ntchito zosungirako.
Chovuta ndi mtengo. Ola lililonse lowonjezera losungira limafuna kuchuluka kwa batri, kuyendetsa mtengo wadongosolo. Dongosolo la maola 4-litha kutengera $160 pa kWh iliyonse, pomwe ma 10-maola 10 amawonjezera mtengo-kWh pamtundu uliwonse chifukwa cha ma cell owonjezera omwe amafunikira. Komabe, kutsika kwamitengo ya batri pang'onopang'ono kumapangitsa makina a lithiamu-ion a nthawi yayitali kukhala otheka.
Angapo-Masiku mpaka Nyengo: The Current Gap
Kutalikirana kwa nthawi yocheperako{0}}yomwe nthawi zina imatchedwa "Dunkelflaute" zochitika ku Europe-zimayimira vuto lomwe silinathetsedwe. M'nthawi ya masiku 10 ya mphepo yofooka komanso dzuwa lochepa, kukwaniritsa kufunikira kwa gridi kungafune kusungirako kwambiri kuposa momwe kulili panopa.
Physics World inawerengetsera kuti dziko la UK lidzafunika pafupifupi ma terawatt 5-osungira maola 10 motsatizanatsatizana{2}}kutsika{3}}kuposa 100 kuchuluka kwa batire m'dzikoli. Pamitengo yapano, izi zitha kukhala zodula kwambiri. Mabatire a Lithium-ion amakhalabe okwera mtengo-ogwira ntchito panjinga ya tsiku ndi tsiku basi, osati -kusungirako masiku ambiri kapena nyengo zambiri.
Kusiyana kumeneku ndi kumene njira zamakono zimalowa m'chithunzichi, ngakhale kuti ndi ochepa omwe afika pamalonda.
Kusintha kwa Battery Technology
Mabatire a Lithium-ion ali ndi mphamvu pa zomwe zikuchitika pano, koma mawonekedwe aukadaulo amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi zosowa zamapulogalamu.
Lithium Iron Phosphate Imayamba
Mkati mwa lithiamu-ion chemistry, kusintha kwakukulu kunachitika cha m'ma 2022. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) yakhala chemistry yofunikira kwambiri yosungiramo zinthu zonse, kuchotsa mabatire a nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) omwe anali ambiri m'mbuyomu.
LFP imapereka maubwino angapo pakugwiritsa ntchito grid. Ndiwokhazikika pakutentha, kuchepetsa ngozi ya moto. Sichifuna cobalt, kuthana ndi zovuta zonse zamtengo wapatali komanso zopeza bwino. Mabatire a LFP amatha kutulutsa-nthawi yotulutsa, pomwe opanga ena amadzitengera zaka 16 kuyerekeza ndi kuwonongeka kwa zaka 2-3 komwe kunachitika mibadwo yakale.
Tradeoff ndi mphamvu kachulukidwe. Mabatire a LFP amasunga mphamvu zochepa pa kilogalamu iliyonse kuposa NMC, koma pama gridi osasunthika pomwe kulemera kulibe kanthu, ichi sichovuta kwambiri. Mtengo ndi moyo wautali ndizofunikira kwambiri, ndipo LFP imapambana zonse ziwiri.
China imapanga mabatire ambiri a LFP. Kuphatikizikaku kwadzetsa nkhawa zauthenga, ndikuyendetsa zoyesayesa za US ndi Europe kuti apange mphamvu zopangira m'nyumba. Komabe, malowa akukumana ndi vuto la mtengo wake, pomwe mabatire aku US ndi ku Europe amawononga pafupifupi 20% kuposa -mabatire opangidwa ku China.
Njira Zomwe Zikubwera Pazosowa Zosiyanasiyana
Mabatire a sodium-ion apanga chiwongola dzanja ngati njira ina ya lithiamu. Sodium ndi yochuluka komanso yotsika mtengo-pali "paliponse pali sodium wochuluka," monga momwe wofufuza wina wa NREL ananenera. Ukadaulowu sumakonda kutha chifukwa cha kutentha ndipo ukhoza kukhala wotsika mtengo kuposa lithiamu-ion. Komabe, mabatire a sodium-ion sanakhwime pa malonda kuti agwiritse ntchito grid-, ndipo kutsika kwa mitengo ya LFP kwachepetsa kufunika kopanga zina.
Mabatire oyenda amayimira njira yosiyana ndi vuto la nthawi yayitali. Machitidwewa amasunga mphamvu mu ma electrolyte amadzimadzi omwe amayenda m'maselo, okhala ndi akasinja osiyana opangira ndalama zabwino ndi zoipa. Ubwino wake ndiwakuti ma sikelo amphamvu samatha kutengera mphamvu ya mphamvu-mutha kuwapangitsa kuti azisunga mphamvu zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito matanki akulu. Mabatire oyenda amatha kusunga mphamvu zawo mopitilira masauzande ambiri popanda kuwonongeka.
Vutoli ndi gawo la polojekiti komanso zovuta. Mabatire akuyenda amafunikira malo ochulukirapo komanso zomangamanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala osawoneka bwino kuposa makina amagetsi a lithiamu{1}}pazinthu zambiri. Amakhalabe ukadaulo wa niche, ngakhale kafukufuku akupitilirabe zamakhemistri otsogola.
Ochita kafukufuku pa yunivesite ya Columbia analengeza kuti mabatire a potaziyamu-sodium{1}}akupita patsogolo mu September 2024. Mabatirewa amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambirimbiri, zotsika mtengo ndipo amapeza zotsatira zabwino pa kutentha kwapakati pafupifupi madigiri 75 , osakwana madigiri 250 + omwe amafunidwa ndi mapangidwe akale. Kupanga ma electrolyte a gululo kudasungunula machulukidwe olimba omwe anali ochepa kale. Kaya kafukufuku woterewu amatanthauzira kuzinthu zogulitsa malonda siziwoneka, koma zikuwonetsa kukula kwa chitukuko cha batri.
Zenizeni-Zochita Padziko Lonse ndi Kuphatikizana
Kusiyana pakati pa mapulojekiti oyeserera ndi grid-kutumiza sikelo kumaphatikizapo kuyang'ana zovuta zaukadaulo ndi zachuma.
Ma Hybrid Renewable-Makina Osungirako
Pafupifupi 3.2 GW ya mphamvu ya batire ya 9.2 GW yomwe anawonjezera ku US m'chaka cha 2024 anachokera ku makina osakanizidwa-omwe ali ndi mafamu oyendera dzuwa. Kuphatikizika uku kumapanga maubwino ogwirira ntchito kupitilira kungolumikiza mibadwo yongowonjezwdwa kuti isiyanitse zosungira.
Machitidwe a Hybrid amatha kugawana zida zolumikizira ma gridi, kuchepetsa ndalama zolumikizirana komanso zovuta. Magetsi a DC ochokera pama sola amatha kuyenda molunjika mpaka ku DC-mabatire ophatikizana kudzera pa chosinthira, kupewetsa kuwonongeka kwa ma AC-DC angapo. Opanga mapulojekiti amatha kukulitsa kukula kwa batri malinga ndi mphamvu ya solar, nthawi zina kuyika mabatire omwe amavotera mphamvu zambiri kuposa solar array kuti agwiritse ntchito kwambiri ma gridi.
Mafayilo a haibridi awa osalala amitundu yongowonjezedwanso. M'malo molowetsa mphamvu yadzuwa yosinthika kwambiri pagululi, batire imatenga kusinthasintha, kutulutsa mphamvu yosasunthika, yotumiza. Malinga ndi mmene wogwiritsira ntchito gridi amaonera, malo ochezera a sola okonzedwa bwino-kuphatikiza-kuphatikiza{3}}kutha kugwira ntchito ngati jenereta yowongoka bwino.
Ntchito za Gridi ndi Kusunga Ndalama
Makina osungira mabatire sadalira gwero limodzi la ndalama. Bizinesiyo imaphatikizapo "kusanjikiza ndalama"-kusonkhanitsa ndalama kuchokera kuzinthu zingapo.
Kuwongolera pafupipafupi kumalipira mabatire kuti athe kuyankha mwachangu pakasinthidwe ka gridi, zomwe zimathandiza kusunga 60 Hz yofunikira. Misika yachitukuko imalipira zosungirako kuti zitheke kuti zitheke panthawi yomwe zikufunika kwambiri, ngakhale zitapanda kuyitanidwa. Mphamvu ya arbitrage imaphatikizapo kulipiritsa pamene mitengo yamagetsi yamagetsi ili yotsika komanso kutulutsa mitengo ikakwera. Eni ma batri ena amaperekanso mwayi wosunga zosunga zobwezeretsera kapena kutenga nawo gawo pamapulogalamu omwe amafunsidwa.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa magwero a ndalama kumapangitsa kuti ntchito zachuma zikhale bwino komanso zimawonjezera zovuta. Makina oyang'anira mabatire amayenera kukulitsa mwayi wopikisana nawo, kulinganiza zolipirira pafupipafupi motsutsana ndi mwayi wamagetsi pomwe kuwonetsetsa kuti batire ili ndi mphamvu zokwanira zogulitsa pamsika.
Deta Yeniyeni Yantchito
Zochitika zenizeni-zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwaukadaulo komanso zochepera zake. Mu february 2024, ma batire aku Texas adapereka mphamvu pafupifupi 1 GW panthawi yadzidzidzi, kuwonetsa kudalirika kosungirako pakafunika kwambiri.
Zombo za batire zaku California zakhala zofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito grid. CAISO, wogwiritsa ntchito gridi ku California, tsopano amadalira mabatire kuti azitha kuyang'anira njira yamadzulo pamene mphamvu ya dzuwa ikuchepa. M'masiku enieni, batire imatuluka imayamba kukwera cham'ma 5-6 PM, imakwera cham'ma 7-8 PM, ndipo imachepa pofika 10 PM-nthawi ya maola 4 kutulutsa madzi kofanana ndi vuto la bakha.
Komabe, zovuta ndi zovuta zimachitika. Kusokonekera, kusokonekera kwa mapulogalamu, ndi kulephera kwa zida zapangitsa grid-makina a mabatire kuti ayende mosayembekezereka. Ziwerengero zakulephera padziko lonse lapansi za 2018-2023 zikuwonetsa kuti chiwongola dzanja chikutsika pamene bizinesi ikukula, koma makina a mabatire amakhala ovuta kwambiri komanso amatha kulephera kusiyana ndi majenereta akale.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory yakhala ikutsatira njira zogwirira ntchitozi kuti zidziwitse mapulani a gridi. Kusanthula kwawo kukuwonetsa kuti monga masikelo otumizira ma batire, kuwonetsetsa kudalirika sikungofunika mphamvu zambiri komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa malo komanso kuperewera kwadongosolo.
Kusintha kwa Economics ndi Market Dynamics
Kutsika kwakukulu kwamitengo yosungira mabatire kwasinthanso mphamvu zachuma, koma zopinga zazikulu zachuma zikadalipo.
Kuwunika kwa 2018 kochitidwa ndi MIT Technology Review kudawunika mtengo wofikira milingo yowongoka yowongokanso. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti kupanga m'badwo wongowonjezedwanso ndi kusungirako zofunikira kuti mukwaniritse zolinga za California kungapangitse ndalama zambiri. Pakulowa kowonjezedwanso kwa 80%, ofufuzawo adawerengera ndalama zomwe zingapitirire $1,600 pa megawati-ola lililonse poyerekeza ndi $49 pa MWh pa 50% zongowonjezera. Ngakhale tingoganiza kuti mabatire angawononge ndalama zokwana{10}gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mitengo ya mu 2018, chuma "chidakhala chokwera kwambiri posungira," monga momwe katswiri wa Clean Air Task Force Steve Brick ananenera.
Zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pake, mtengo wa batire watsika kwambiri kuposa-kutsika kwachitatu komwe kunayembekezeredwa. Ma Container-mabatire apakati omwe amawononga $250 pa kWh mu 2020 adatsika pansi pa $140 pa kWh pofika 2023, ndipo adapitilirabe kutsika mpaka 2024. Mitengo yamapulojekiti a Wood Mackenzie ikhoza kutsika pansi $100 pa kWh pofika 2030.
Kutsika kwamitengo uku kukusintha kuthekera kwa projekiti. Ntchito zosungira mabatire zomwe sizinapangitse ndalama mu 2018 tsopano zikupikisana. Inflation Reduction Act idayambitsa misonkho yosungiramo zinthu zodziyimira pawokha mu 2022, kupititsa patsogolo chuma cha polojekiti ndikufulumizitsa ntchito.
Komabe, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimafunikira kumakhalabe kodabwitsa. Boma la UK likuyerekeza kuti kusungirako mabatire ndi ukadaulo wogwirizana ndi gridi zitha kupulumutsa mphamvu yaku UK mpaka $ 40 biliyoni pofika 2050, koma kuti akafike pamenepo pamafunika ndalama zambiri zakutsogolo. California yomwe ilipo 12.5 GW ya mphamvu yoyika ikuyimira mabiliyoni ambiri omwe atumizidwa, komabe izi zimangotengera gawo lochepa chabe la zomwe boma likufuna posungira.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa kuchuluka kwa mabatire kumawonetsa komwe chuma ndi mfundo zimayendera. Texas (8 GW anaikidwa mu 2024) ndi California (12.5 GW) zonse zimatengera -makota atatu a batire la US. Mayiko onsewa ali ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso, mfundo zothandizira, ndi misika yamagetsi yomwe imapindulitsa ndalama kusinthasintha kosungirako.
Padziko lonse lapansi, China imapanga pafupifupi theka la mphamvu ya batri yapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo imayang'anira njira zoperekera zinthu zopangira. Makampani a ku China amayang'anira kupitirira 60% ya mphamvu zopangira batire la lithiamu-yoni ndi kupitirira 90% ya mphamvu yokonza zinthu monga lithiamu, cobalt, faifi tambala, ndi graphite. Kuchulukaku kumabweretsa nkhawa zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cham'magawo ndipo kwalimbikitsa kuyesetsa kupanga mphamvu zopanga zaku Western, ngakhale pamtengo wokwera.
Zovuta ndi Zolepheretsa
Ngakhale kukula kofulumira, kusungirako kwa batire kumakumana ndi zopinga zosathetsedwa zomwe zimalepheretsa gawo lake lalikulu pakusintha mphamvu.
Zolepheretsa Zakuthupi
Kukulitsa kusungirako kwa batri mpaka pamlingo wa terawatt kumafuna kuchuluka kwa lithiamu, cobalt, faifi tambala, ndi zida zina. Migodi ya Lithium m'chipululu cha Atacama ku Chile ndi madera ofanana ndi omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo kuchepa kwa madzi ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Migodi ya Cobalt, yomwe imapezeka ku Democratic Republic of Congo, imakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe komanso chilengedwe.
Pamene mabatire akuchulukirachulukira ku 965 gigawatt-maola pachaka ku Ulaya pofika m'chaka cha 2030, kufunikira kwa zinthu kudzakwera kwambiri. Zolepheretsa zamagetsi zamagetsi zimatha kuchedwetsa kutumizidwa kapena kuonjezera mtengo, makamaka ngati kufunikira kwa magalimoto amagetsi kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchepa. Kukula kwa zomangamanga zobwezeretsanso zinthu zina monga sodium-ion imayimira njira imodzi yopita patsogolo, koma palibenso yomwe yakwera mokwanira kuti ichepetse kupanikizika kwa zinthu zomwe sizinali zachiwerewere.
Zokhudza Chitetezo ndi Zachilengedwe
Mabatire ambiri a lithiamu-amapangitsa kuti pakhale ngozi. Moto wambiri-wokhala pamalo osungira mabatire ambiri, kuphatikizapo zochitika pa malo a Arizona Public Service's McMicken mu 2019 ndi masamba ena. Machitidwe amakono amaphatikizapo kuponderezedwa kwa moto, kuyang'anira kutentha, ndi kuyang'anira, koma chiopsezocho sichinathetsedwe.
Mapeto-a-kutaya moyo amabweretsa vuto lina. Mabatire amachepa pakapita nthawi, nthawi zambiri amafika pa 70-80% ya mphamvu yoyambira pakatha 10-zaka 15 zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Kutaya makinawa mosamala ndikubwezeretsanso zida zofunika kumafuna kupanga zida zobwezeretsanso zomwe siziliponso masiku ano. NREL's Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Assessment Assessment imayesa kupanga mapu a unyolo ndi kukonzanso, koma kubwezeretsanso mabatire amalonda kumakhalabe kwatsopano.
Ma electrolyte am'maselo a batri amatha kukhala owopsa komanso owopsa ngati atayikira. Anthu oyandikana nawo malo osungira mabatire nthawi zina amatsutsa mapulojekiti chifukwa cha zovuta zachilengedwe ndi chitetezo, makamaka m'madera akumidzi kumene malo olima amatha kukhudzidwa ndi ngozi.
Kulumikizana ndi Grid Integration Bottlenecks
Kukhala ndi mabatire okonzeka kuyika zilibe kanthu ngati sangathe kulumikiza ku gridi. Mzere wolumikizana ku United States wakhala cholepheretsa chachikulu. Pofika mchaka cha 2023, mapulojekiti osungira mabatire ofunafuna kulumikizidwa kwa grid adakumana ndi nthawi yodikirira yopitilira miyezi 50 kuyambira pempho loyambira mpaka mgwirizano wolumikizana, pambuyo pake kumanga kwenikweni kumatenga zaka zowonjezera.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti mapulojekiti omwe akubwera pa intaneti mu 2025 mwina adalowa pamzere wolumikizirana cham'ma 2018. Kusintha kwa mayendedwe, kusinthasintha kwamitengo, komanso kusinthika kwaukadaulo munthawi yayitali iyi kumakhudza kutheka kwa polojekiti. Madivelopa ena amasiya mapulojekiti pakati-pamzere ngati chuma chalowa pansi.
Zomangamanga za gridi zokha zimafunikira kukwezedwa kuti zithandizire kukhazikitsa mabatire akulu. Makina ogawa opangidwira njira imodzi-mayendetsedwe amagetsi kuchokera ku majenereta apakati kupita kwa ogula akuyenera kusinthira kumayendedwe apawiri pomwe mabatire amalowetsa mphamvu pakutulutsa. Njira zodzitetezera, zida zowongolera ma voltage, ndi mapulogalamu owongolera zonse zimafunikira zosintha.
Nthawi-Vuto la Mtengo
Zoletsa zikadali zotsika mtengo: mabatire a lithiamu{0}}ayioni amagwira ntchito bwino pakatha maola 1-pamaola 4 koma amakhala okwera mtengo kwambiri pakusunga-masiku angapo. Kafukufuku wa 2023 Physics World anawerengetsera kuti kupatsa dziko la UK malo osungira okwanira kuti azitha kulipira zotsika khumi zotsatizana-zongowonjezeranso-masiku a m'badwo zingawononge ndalama zokwana £50 biliyoni posungiramo ma hydrogen kapena ndalama zofananira nazo zakuthambo zamabatire pamitengo yapano.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake kusungirako batire kokha sikungathandize 100% ma grids ongowonjezedwanso. Nthawi yotalikirapo ya kutsika kwa mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa-yomwe imachitika m'madera ambiri{3}}imafuna kumangidwa mochulukira kwa mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso, kukulitsa-umisiri wanthawi yayitali wosungirako womwe ulibeko malonda, kapena kusungitsa zotulutsa zomwe zimatha kutumiza monga gasi wogwiritsa ntchito carbon, nyukiliya, kapena geothermal.
Njira Yopita Patsogolo
Kusungirako mabatire kwasintha kuchoka pakuyesera kukhala kofunikira pa mphamvu zowonjezera, koma ntchito yake ikadali gawo limodzi pakusintha kwakukulu kwadongosolo.
Ogwiritsa ntchito ma gridi akuphunzira kupanga makina ovuta kwambiri. M'malo moyang'anira mafakitole akuluakulu mazana angapo, akuwongolera mamiliyoni azinthu zogawidwa kuphatikiza mabatire, mapanelo adzuwa, makina opangira magetsi, ndi katundu wokhoza kuwongolera. Luntha lochita kupanga ndi makina ophunzirira makina amathandizira kulosera za m'badwo womwe ungawongoleredwenso, kukhathamiritsa kutumiza kwa batire, ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa masekondi{2}}mpaka{3}}kunthawi yanthawi.
Puerto Rico ndi chitsanzo cha kuthekera kosungirako m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Kusatetezeka kwa chilumbachi chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho komanso kuzima kwa magetsi kumapangitsa kuti mphamvu za magetsi zikhale zovuta kwambiri. NREL yakhala ikuthandiza kutumiza makina a sola pawokha-ndi-mabatire ku Puerto Rico, kupereka mphamvu zosunga zobwezeretsera gululi ikalephera komanso kuchepetsa kudalira mafuta okwera mtengo ochokera kunja.
Kafukufuku akupitilira pa matekinoloje omwe amatha kuthana ndi mipata yotsala ya malo osungira. Mabatire a ayironi-, omwe angathe kusunga mphamvu kwa maola 100, akupangidwa. Kuwongolera kwa batri yoyenda kungathe kuchepetsa kutsika komanso mtengo. Kusungirako matenthedwe-kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi potenthetsa mchenga, mchere, kapena zinthu zina-kumapereka njira ina kwa nthawi yayitali{7}}makamaka kutentha kwa mafakitale. "Batri yamchenga" yaku Finland imasunga ma megawati 8 amphamvu yotentha pa madigiri 600 kuti azitenthetsera nyumba ndi zida zapafupi.
Kuphatikiza kosungirako ndi galimoto-ku-ukadaulo wa gridi kumayimira malire ena. Magalimoto amagetsi amakhala ndi batire yayikulu yomwe imakhala yopanda ntchito nthawi zambiri. Ukadaulo wothamangitsa wa Bidirectional utha kulola ma EVs kutulutsa mphamvu ku gridi panthawi yovuta kwambiri, kutembenuza magalimoto mamiliyoni ambiri kukhala zosungirako zogawidwa. Australia ndi mayiko ena akuyang'ana misewu kuti apange ukadaulo uwu kukhala wokhazikika.
Ndondomeko ndi ndondomeko za msika zidzakhala zofunikira. Madera omwe amapanga malo oyendetsera bwino komanso njira zogulitsira zomwe zimapatsa phindu zambiri zosungirako zitha kuwona kutumizidwa mwachangu. Misonkho yosungirako ya US Inflation Act inalimbikitsa chitukuko; kuthandizira mfundo zofananira m'malo ena zitha kuyendetsa kukula kwapadziko lonse lapansi.
Zomwe zimawonekera poyang'ana umboni ndikuti kusungirako kwa batri kwasuntha kuchoka pamphepete kupita kuzinthu zambiri zakukonzekera mphamvu. 26 GW yomwe idayikidwa ku United States kumapeto kwa 2024, pomwe yayikulu, ikuyimira chiyambi chabe. Kuyerekeza kwa BloombergNEF kwa magigawati 220 owonjezera pachaka padziko lonse lapansi pofika chaka cha 2035 kukuwonetsa kukula komwe kulipo, ngati kupitilira, kupangitsa kusungidwa kwa batri kukhala kofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa gridi monga ma mayendedwe opatsira kapena ma transfoma.
Ukadaulo sudzathetsa vuto lililonse. Kusungirako kwakanthawi kumakhalabe kovuta, maunyolo operekera zinthu amakumana ndi zovuta, ndipo mtengo uyenera kupitilirabe kutsika. Koma njira yake ndi yoonekeratu: mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso zinakula mofulumira pamene ndalama zinagwera pansi pa mafuta amafuta; kusungirako batire tsopano kukutsatiranso njira yomweyi, ndipo makina ofunikira kuti azitha kuyang'anira gridi yowonjezedwanso akupanga nthawi yeniyeni.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Kodi makina osungira mabatire angasunge mphamvu mpaka liti?
Makina ambiri a gridi-sikelo ya lithiamu{1}}mabatire a ion omwe aikidwa lero amapangidwa kuti azingotha maola 1 mpaka 4 kuti azitha kutulutsa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti atha kupereka mphamvu zawo zonse zovotera panthawiyo asanathe. Makina ena atsopano amafikira maola 6-10, koma kutalika kumawonjezera ndalama zambiri. Kutalika kwa nthawi yosungirako kumadalira mphamvu ya batri (yoyesedwa mu maola a megawati) yogawidwa ndi kutulutsa kwake (kuyesedwa mu megawati).
Kodi makina osungira batire a grid-amakhala otalika bwanji?
Mabatire amakono a lithiamu iron phosphate omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira mu gridi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kwa zaka 10-16, malingana ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mabatire amadutsa mumayendedwe masauzande ambiri pa nthawi ya moyo wawo, pang'onopang'ono kutaya mphamvu. Ntchito ikatsika mpaka 70-80% ya mphamvu yoyambira, mabatire nthawi zambiri amafunika kusinthidwa, ngakhale kafukufuku wokonzanso mabatire owonongeka kuti agwiritse ntchito movutikira akupitilirabe.
Chifukwa chiyani mitengo ya batri ikutsika kwambiri?
Zinthu zitatu zimayambitsa kutsika kwa mtengo wa batri. Choyamba, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto opangira magetsi kunapangitsa kuti magalimoto amagetsi azitsika kwambiri pa-mtengo wake. Chachiwiri, kuwongolera kowonjezereka kwa chemistry ya batri kumawonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi ndikuchepetsa zofunikira zakuthupi. Chachitatu, mpikisano pakati pa opanga, makamaka opanga aku China, adapanga kuchulukirachulukira mu 2024, kupangitsa mitengo kutsika kwambiri. Mapiritsi ophunzirira akuwonetsa kuti mitengo ipitilira kutsika pomwe kuchuluka kwazinthu zopanga kumawonjezeka.
Kodi mabatire angalowe m'malo mopangira magetsi a gasi?
Osati ndi luso lamakono. Mabatire amapambana m'malo mwa mbewu za "peaker" zomwe zimayenda kwa maola angapo tsiku lililonse pakafunika kwambiri. Komabe, gasi wophatikiza-zomera zozungulira zomwe zimayenda mosalekeza ndikupatsa mphamvu-zodalirika masiku angapo zimakhala zovuta kusintha ndi mabatire chifukwa cha nthawi komanso kuchepa kwa mtengo wake. Magetsi ongowonjezedwanso angafunikire umisiri wokulirapo wa batire,{5}}zosungirako kwa nthawi yayitali{5}zimene sizinapezeke pa malonda, kapena zina zotha kutumiza{6}carbon yotsika ngati nyukiliya kapena geothermal.
Kodi makina osungira mabatire amapeza bwanji ndalama?
Ntchito zosungira mabatire zimapanga ndalama kuchokera kumagwero angapo nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimatchedwa "revenue stacking." Amalandira ndalama kuchokera ku mayendedwe afupipafupi, malipiro amsika kuti apezeke pakapita nthawi, mphamvu zopanda malire pogula zotsika mtengo-zamagetsi okwera kwambiri ndi kugulitsa panthawi yokwera mtengo, ndipo nthawi zina amafuna kutsitsa mtengo kapena ntchito zamagetsi zosunga zobwezeretsera. Kuphatikizika kwa magwero a ndalama kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi dera komanso kapangidwe ka msika.
Kodi makina osungira mabatire ndi otetezeka?
Magetsi-makina a mabatire ali ndi mbali zambiri zachitetezo monga zozimitsa moto, kasamalidwe ka matenthedwe, kuyang'anira mosalekeza, ndi chitetezo chakuthupi. Komabe, pamakhala zoopsa-mabatire a lithiamu{3}}ayoni amatha kuyaka moto ngati awonongeka kapena osayendetsedwa bwino, ndipo zinthu zingapo zapamwamba{4}}zachitika. Miyezo yachitetezo ikupitilirabe kukula pomwe bizinesi ikukula, ndipo zida zamakono zikuphatikiza maphunziro omwe adatumizidwa kale. Chemistry ya LFP nthawi zambiri imakhala yotetezeka kuposa NMC chifukwa chakukhazikika kwamafuta.