Makina osungira mabatire amasunga mphamvu yamagetsi kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo, kuletsa kusiyana pakati pa nthawi yomwe magetsi apangidwa ndi nthawi yomwe akufunika. Machitidwewa akhala maziko ofunikira chifukwa magwero amagetsi ongowonjezwdwanso ngati dzuwa ndi mphepo tsopano amapitilira 40% yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kusagwirizana pakati pa kupanga ndi kufunikira.
Nkhani Yazachuma Yasintha Kwambiri
Mkangano wandalama wosungira batire wasintha pazaka khumi zapitazi. Mitengo yamakina yatsika kuchoka pa $2,571 pa kilowatt-ola mu 2010 kufika pa $165/kWh mu 2024-kutsika ndi 93%. Ku China, ndalama zadutsa malire a $100/kWh, ndi makina a maola 4{16}akuchita pafupifupi $85/kWh. Kutsika kwamitengo kumeneku sikunali pang'onopang'ono; Mchaka cha 2024 chokha chidatsika ndi 40% pachaka, kutsika kotsika kwambiri kuyambira pomwe kutsata kwathunthu kudayamba mu 2017.
Kutsika kwamitengo iyi kwasokoneza chuma. Malo osungira mabatire tsopano akupikisana mwachindunji ndi zomera zochulukira kwambiri za gasi kwa nthawi yofikira maola anayi. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa ku Germany anapeza zothandiza-zoyendera za solar zolumikizidwa ndi batire zosungira ndalama zocheperapo pomanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ngati gasi wina{3}}wozikika. California ikuwonetsa kusinthaku m'njira zenizeni-mabatire amakwaniritsa pafupifupi 20% ya kuchuluka kwamafuta omwe amafunidwa madzulo, ndikuchotsa mafuta omwe akanafunikira zaka zitatu zapitazo.
Kuthekera kwa ndalama kumapitilira kupitilira mphamvu zosavuta. Gridi-ogwiritsa ntchito mabatire amapeza kuchokera kumitundu ingapo: kuwongolera pafupipafupi, misika yamagetsi, mapologalamu oyankha kufunikira, kuyimitsa kaye, ndi kugulitsa mphamvu zonse. Dongosolo la-lokonzedwa bwino ku Texas limatha kuzungulira tsiku lililonse, kulipiritsa mitengo ikakhala pansi pa $20/MWh ndi kutulutsa nthawi yomwe mitengo yakwera kwambiri kuposa $100/MWh. Malo ena adalemba mitengo yotulutsa yopitilira $5,000/MWh panthawi yadzidzidzi.
Ogwiritsa ntchito malonda ndi mafakitale amawona madalaivala osiyanasiyana. Mitengo yofunikira kwambiri nthawi zambiri imayimira 30-50% yamagetsi amagetsi pazida zazikulu. Batire yokwanira bwino imatha kumeta nsongazi, kubweretsa nthawi yobweza zaka 3-5 ngakhale isanakhazikitse mtengo wamagetsi osunga zobwezeretsera kapena kutenga nawo gawo pamapulogalamu oyankha. Ngongole ya msonkho ya 30% ya federal yomwe ikupezeka kudzera mu 2032 imathandizira kubweza.
Kukhazikika kwa Gridi Kumafunika Mwachangu-Zothandizira Poyankha
Magetsi amagetsi amagwira ntchito m'mabandi opapatiza-kawirikawiri 60 Hz ku North America, ndipo apatuka movomerezeka ndi ±0.05 Hz pokhapokha ngati zili bwino. Malo opangira mafuta achikhalidwe amasunga ma frequency kudzera muunyinji wozungulira komanso olamulira omwe amayankha ku gridi. Zomera izi zikasiya ntchito, ogwira ntchito pa gridi amakumana ndi vuto la inertia.
Makina osungira mabatire amayankha mwachangu kwambiri kuposa zida zina zilizonse. Amasintha kuchoka pa standby kupita kumadzi otayira mkati mwa sekondi imodzi, kuyerekeza ndi mphindi 10-15 za turbine ya gasi. Liwiro ili ndilofunika pazochitika mwadzidzidzi. Jenereta yayikulu ikachoka pa intaneti, ma frequency amayamba kutsika nthawi yomweyo. Zikafika patali kwambiri, kukhetsa kwamagetsi kumayamba-kuzimitsa kwamagetsi komwe kumadula makasitomala kuti aletse kugwa kwathunthu.
Kukula kwa zovuta izi ndikwambiri. Texas idakumana ndi mafoni 11 mu 2023, pomwe zinthu sizimakwaniritsa zofunikira. Pazochitika izi, kusungirako kwa batri kunapereka kusinthasintha kuti zisawonongeke. Mu February 2024, makina osungira ku Texas adawonetsa pafupifupi 1 GW ramp pakutulutsa mwadzidzidzi, kukhazikika pagululi panthawi yanyengo.
Gridi ya ku California imanenanso nkhani yofanana. Batire ya m'boma ya 12.5 GW ikupereka ntchito zomwe poyamba zinkafunika kusunga malo osungiramo ma spinning-magesi omwe akuchepera mphamvu, okonzeka kuchulukirachulukira. Kusungidwa kwa batri kumachepetsa kusachita bwino uku kwinaku kumapereka mayankho apamwamba kwambiri.
Luso laukadaulo limapitilira kuyankha mwadzidzidzi. Mabatire amakono amapereka ukadaulo wa "grid-forming" inverter, yomwe imathandizira mphamvu yamagetsi ndi ma frequency m'malo mongotsata gridi mosasamala. Kuthekeraku kumakhala kofunikira chifukwa-zotengera ma inverter (dzuwa, mphepo, ndi mabatire) zimakhala ndi magawo okulirapo a mphamvu yopangira. Gridi-opanga mabatire amathanso kuyambitsanso magawo ena a gridi yamagetsi ikazima-ntchito yotchedwa "black start" yomwe nthawi zambiri inkafuna majenereta amagetsi amadzi kapena dizilo.
Kuphatikizanso Kowonjezera Kumafunika Nthawi ya Mphamvu-Kusuntha
Mapangidwe a dzuwa ndi mphepo nthawi zambiri samagwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Solar imatulutsa chiwongola dzanja chambiri masana pomwe kufunikira kwa malonda kuli kwakukulu koma kufunikira kwa nyumba kumakhala kocheperako. Kupanga kumatsika mpaka zero dzuwa likalowa, monganso momwe nyumba zimakhalira pakuphika, kutenthetsa, ndi zochitika zamadzulo. Mphepo zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo koma nthawi zambiri zimafika pachimake usiku ngati kufunikira kuli kochepa kwambiri.
Popanda kusungirako, kusagwirizanaku kumabweretsa mavuto awiri: kuchepetsa ndi kuthamangitsa. Ogwiritsa ntchito ma gridi amachepetsa (zinyalala) mphamvu zongowonjezeranso zikapanga kuposa zomwe zimafunikira komanso mphamvu yotumiza kunja. California idachepetsa ma megawati 2.7 miliyoni-maola ogwiritsira ntchito-sikelo ya solar mu 2023-zokwanira kuti azilamulira nyumba pafupifupi 400,000 kwa chaka chimodzi. Kuchepetsa uku kumachitika ngakhale boma likuitanitsa mphamvu kuchokera kumadera oyandikana nawo panthawi yamadzulo.
Chochitika cha "bakha curve" chikuwonetsa zovuta zothamanga. Pamene kupanga kwadzuwa kumatsika chakumapeto kwa masana, ogwira ntchito pa gridi ayenera kuonjezera mibadwo ina kuti akwaniritse kufunikira kwa madzulo. Izi zimapanga njira yotsetsereka yomwe imafuna zinthu zosinthika. Zomera zochulukira gasi nthawi zambiri zinkagwira ntchito imeneyi, koma ndizokwera mtengo kuzigwiritsira ntchito komanso zovuta zachilengedwe.
Kusungidwa kwa batri kumathetsa zonse ziwiri nthawi imodzi. Makina amalipira pakati-panthawi yokwera kwambiri ya dzuwa, kuchepetsa kuchepa kwinaku akupereka ndalama kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ma sola. Amatulutsa nsonga zamadzulo, kuchepetsa zofunikira zodumphadumpha ndikuchotsa zotsalira zakufa. Mabatire a ku California amaonetsa mmene mabatire amachitira tsiku lililonse-avareji ya kuchuluka kwa mabatire madzulo omwe amakumana ndi mabatire pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuyambira 2023 mpaka 2024, kufika 20% nthawi zonse.
Kutalika kwa nthawi yosungirako kumasiyana malinga ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kaphatikizidwe katsopano. Zothandiza-mu 2024 zidakhala maola 2.4, zomwe zidakwera 33% kuchoka pa maola 1.8 mu 2020. Kusinthaku kwa nthawi yayitali kukuwonetsa kufunikira kokulirapo kwa mipata yokulirapo pakati pa kusinthika ndi kufunidwa. Ma projekiti ophatikiza solar ndi kusungirako kwa maola 4 atha kupereka mphamvu zotumizira zomwe zimatsanzira magetsi wamba, oyenera kulipirira mphamvu zomwe zimakulitsa chuma cha polojekiti.
Mawonekedwe a geographic amawonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa kulowa kowonjezedwanso ndi kutumiza kosungirako. Texas inawonjezera mphamvu ya batire yokwana 4 GW mu 2024, pafupifupi kufanana ndi zina za ku California ngakhale kuti ku California kunali zaka khumi{3}}zoyamba. Mphepo ya Texas komanso mphamvu ya dzuwa idakula mpaka 50 GW, ndikupanga zovuta zomwe California idakumana nazo zaka zapitazo. Msika wosayendetsedwa ndi boma unalola kuti malo osungira asungidwe mwachangu-mabatire amapeza ndalama kuchokera kumagetsi amagetsi osafunikira mphamvu kapena mapangano anthawi yayitali-.
Kudalirika ndi Kukhazikika Kwakhala Kofunikira
Kuzimitsidwa kwa magetsi kumawonongetsa chuma cha US pakati pa $25-70 biliyoni pachaka, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa Department of Energy. Mafupipafupi ndi nthawi ya kuzimitsidwa kwachulukira pazaka khumi zapitazi. Zochitika zanyengo yadzaoneni-mphepo zamkuntho, moto wolusa, namondwe{7}}zimayambitsa kuzimitsidwa kwamasiku ambiri komwe kukukhudza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Ngakhale kusokoneza kwachidule kumasokoneza malo osungiramo data, zipatala, malo opangira zinthu, ndi zomangamanga zofunika kwambiri.
Kusungidwa kwa batri kumapereka mphamvu pamasikelo angapo. Kwa malo omwe ali pawokha, makina ochepera maola 4-8 amatha kusokoneza zosokoneza zambiri podikirira kuti majenereta osunga zobwezeretsera ayambike kapena kuti mphamvu ya gridi ibwezeretsedwe. Mosiyana ndi ma jenereta, mabatire amasintha nthawi yomweyo popanda kusokonezedwa ndi zida zamagetsi. Safuna kubweretsa mafuta, kuchotsa chiwopsezo chapanthawi yatsoka.
Mtengo umawerengeredwa mosiyana m'magawo onse. Malo opangira data amawerengera mtengo wanthawi yocheperako mu madola masauzande pamphindi. Kuzimitsidwa kumodzi kungayambitse zilango za mgwirizano wautumiki, kuwonongeka kwa mbiri, ndi kusokoneza makasitomala. Makina a mabatire olemera kwambiri (maseva, kuziziritsa, ma network) kuphatikiza nthawi yosinthira kupita ku majenereta amayimira inshuwaransi pakutayika kwangozi.
Zipatala zimayang'anira chitetezo-zofunikira pa moyo wanu wonse. Zipatala zimakhala ndi majenereta osunga zobwezeretsera koma amadalira makina a UPS kuti atseke 10-30 second gap jenereta isanafike liŵiro logwira ntchito. Kuyika kwatsopano m'malo mwa UPS wamba ndi makina akuluakulu osungira mabatire omwe amapereka nthawi yotalikirapo komanso kutenga nawo gawo pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira panthawi yanthawi zonse omwe amapanga ndalama kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda ntchito.
Ntchito zopanga zinthu zimawerengera ndalama zomwe zimazimitsidwa kudzera mukupanga zotayika, zida zotayika, komanso kuwonongeka kwa zida. Chitsulo cha aluminiyamu sichingayime ndi kuyambitsanso ntchito mwachangu-chitsulocho chimalimba, chomwe chimafunika kuyeretsedwa kwambiri. Malo opangira ma semiconductor atha kutengera ma wafers mamiliyoni ambiri-pa-njira yongosintha pang'ono mphamvu yamagetsi. Pamapulogalamuwa, kusungirako batire kumalungamitsa ndalama chifukwa chopewa kutayika m'malo mopulumutsa mphamvu.
Kupirira kwa anthu-kuyimira pulogalamu yomwe ikubwera. Ma Microgrid ophatikizira ma solar akumaloko, kusungirako mabatire, ndi katundu wovuta amatha kukhala pachilumba cha gridi yayikulu pakatha. Madera angapo aku California adagwiritsa ntchito makinawa pambuyo pa kuzimitsa moto wolusa mobwerezabwereza-ku. Panthawi yogwira ntchito bwino, microgrid imapereka chithandizo cha gridi ndikuchepetsa mtengo wamagetsi. Panthawi yadzidzidzi, imasunga mphamvu ku malo ammudzi, malo ozimitsa moto, zipatala zachipatala, ndi malo opopera madzi.
Kapangidwe ka Msika ndi Thandizo Lothandizira Kuyendetsa Kutengera
Malo owongolera asintha kuti azindikire kusungidwa kwa batri ngati gulu lazachuma. Chaka cha 2020 chisanafike, maulamuliro ambiri adawona zosungirako ngati m'badwo kapena kufalitsa, kupangitsa kusatsimikizika kwamagulu komwe kumalepheretsa ndalama. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Order 841 imafunikira misika yolinganizidwa bwino kuti ilole kutenga nawo gawo pazosungira m'misika yonse yomwe ikufunika. Izi zidatsegula mwayi wopeza ndalama pakuwongolera pafupipafupi, nkhokwe zogwirira ntchito, ndi misika yamagetsi.
Lamulo la 2022 Inflation Reduction Act lidasintha kwambiri zachuma zama projekiti pokulitsa ngongole ya msonkho wa 30% kumayendedwe osungira okha. M'mbuyomu, mabatire anali kulandira ngongole za msonkho pokhapokha-ali ndi mapulojekiti oyendera dzuwa. Kusinthaku kudadzetsa ndalama m'malo abwino omwe malo osungiramo zinthu amafunikira koma solar sizinali bwino-malo ochitira masewera a m'tauni, malo olumikizirana ndi mphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja, komanso madera oletsa kutumiza.
Mfundo za boma-zosiyana kwambiri pothandizira. California idalamula kuti mabungwe azipeza zomwe akufuna kusungirako, ndikupanga msika wotsimikizika womwe ungapangitse{2}}chiwopsezo cha chitukuko cha polojekiti. New York inawerengetsera kuti 4 GW ya maola asanu ndi atatu-kusunga ingawononge-kukwaniritsa zofunika pa makina pofika chaka cha 2035, makamaka ku New York City komwe malo osungiramo zinthu zakale akutha. Njira zogulira izi zimapereka chitsimikizo cha ndalama zomwe zimalola kuti ntchitoyo ikhale ndi ndalama.
Zambiri zamapangidwe amsika ndizofunikira kwambiri pazachuma cha polojekiti. Ku Texas mphamvu-zokhazo zamtengo wapatali zopatsa phindu pamsika-zikhoza kukwera kufika pa $5,000/MWh katundu akamafika povuta. Izi zimapanga mwayi wotsutsana womwe kulibe m'misika yokhala ndi mitengo yotsika mtengo. Pulogalamu ya California's Resource Adequacy imapereka ndalama zolipirira zinthu zodalirika, pomwe PJM's capacity market imapereka-makontrakitala azaka zambiri. Madivelopa akuyenera kumvetsetsa malamulo amsika amsika kuti akweze kachulukidwe kake ndi njira zamabizinesi.
Kulumikizana kwanthawi yayitali kumayimira chopinga chothandizira pa liwiro lotumizira. Madera ambiri ku US akukumana ndi mizere yolumikizirana ya zaka 2-4 pamapulojekiti atsopano. Kusungirako mabatire kuli ndi ubwino pano{{10}nthawi yocheperako yomanga (miyezi 6-12) poyerekeza ndi solar (miyezi 12-18) kapena mphepo (miyezi 18-24) zikutanthauza kuti kulumikizana kukavomerezedwa, mapulojekiti amabwera mwachangu pa intaneti. Madivelopa ena amatsata malo osungira okha pamasamba omwe ali ndi ufulu wolumikizana womwe ulipo, kupeŵa kuchedwa kwa mizere.
Chisinthiko Chamakono Chikupitirira Mofulumira
Mabatire a Lithium-ayoni ali ndi mphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito masiku ano, zomwe zikugwira 85% ya msika wa grid-mu 2024. Pakati pa lithiamu-ion, zokonda za chemistry zasintha kwambiri. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) idakwera kuchoka pa 48% msika mu 2021 kufika 85% mu 2024. Kusinthaku kukuwonetsa ubwino wa LFP: kutsika mtengo, moyo wautali (5,000-10,000 cycles motsutsana ndi 3,000-5,000 ya nickel-based staibility), ndi mphamvu ya faifi tambala.
Kusintha kwachitetezo kumayendera limodzi ndi kusintha kwa chemistry. Ma cell a LFP samakonda kutha chifukwa cha kutentha-kulephera kwa kutentha komwe kumayambitsa mabatire. Chiwopsezo cha zochitika zamakampani chatsika ngakhale kukula kwachulukidwe kwa omwe atumizidwa. Kulephera kwa 2024 kunatsikira ku zochitika za 0.03 pa GW yomwe inayikidwa, yotsika kwambiri kuyambira kutsata kuyambika mu 2016. Ntchito zazikuluzikulu zatha kuyesa chitetezo cha moto (UL9540A) chomwe chimayambitsa maselo kuzinthu zovuta kwambiri zomwe zimapangidwira kuyambitsa zochitika zotentha. Form Energy's iron's iron-air cells sanayake ngakhale zinthu zikanayambitsa moto wa lithiamu{10}}ion.
Kupitilira lithiamu-ion, matekinoloje ena amatsata mapulogalamu enaake. Mabatire oyenda amagwiritsa ntchito ma electrolyte amadzimadzi omwe amapopedwa kudzera mu riyakitala, mphamvu yolumikizirana komanso mavoti amphamvu. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zowoneka bwino kwa nthawi yayitali-zosungirako{4}}makina opangira 8-maola 100 otha kutha. Batire la 175 MW / 700 MWh vanadium redox flow flow lidayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2024. Mabatire a iron-air amalonjeza kutsika mtengo kosungirako kwakanthawi, ndikukulitsa fakitale ya Form Energy ku West Virginia.
Kupititsa patsogolo kagwiridwe ka ntchito kumapitirirabe kuposa kuchepetsa mtengo. Makina amakono owongolera mabatire amagwiritsa ntchito kuphunzira pamakina kukhathamiritsa njira zolipirira/zotulutsa potengera nyengo, kulosera kwamitengo yamagetsi, ndi mitundu yowonongera. Kuwongolera kwapamwamba kwa kutentha kumakulitsa moyo wa mkombero posunga kutentha koyenera. DC-makina ophatikizana amachepetsa kutayika polumikiza mabatire mwachindunji ku ma solar arrays pa DC voltage, kuchotsa gawo limodzi la inverter.
Kuphatikizana kwadongosolo kwayenda bwino kwambiri. Kuyika kwa batri koyambirira kumafunikira uinjiniya wanthawi zonse patsamba lililonse. Ma Containerized Solutions tsopano amatumiza-zosakanizika ndi zoyesedwa kale-zoyika mabatire, zamagetsi zamagetsi, zowongolera moto, kuzimitsa moto, ndi zowongolera zonse zomwe zili m'makontena anthawi zonse otumizira. Modularity iyi imathandizira kutumiza ndikuchepetsa ndalama. Zotengera zingapo zimalumikizana kuti ziwonjezeke kuchuluka, ndi masamba kuyambira kotengera kamodzi (1-3 MWh) mpaka kuyika kwakukulu ngati Moss Landing (750 MW / 3,000 MWh).
Njira zotetezera zakhala zovuta kwambiri. Kuyika kwamakono kumaphatikizapo masanjidwe angapo: -level fusing, module{2}}level contactor isolation, rack-level circuit breakers, and container{4}}level disconnects emergency. Zowunikira zowunikira gasi za haidrojeni ndi zinthu zoyaka. Makamera otentha amasanthula ma module a batri mosalekeza. Machitidwe opondereza moto wa aerosol amayatsa moto usanathe kufalikira pakati pa ma module. Izi zimathetsa nkhawa zamakampani ndi anthu ammudzi zokhudzana ndi moto wa mabatire.
Kuchuluka kwa Kagwiritsidwe Ntchito Kumawonetsa Mtengo Wotsimikiziridwa
Kusungirako kwa batri ku US kunadutsa 26 GW kumapeto kwa 2024, ndi 19.6 GW ina yokonzekera 2025. Izi zikuyimira kukula kwa 66% m'chaka chimodzi. Mapaipi owonjezera a 143 GW mpaka 2030 akuwonetsa kupitiliza kukula mwachangu. Awa si manambala ongoyerekeza{{11}opanga mapulojekiti omwe ali ndi mapangano olumikizana nawo, kuyang'anira malo, ndi malonjezano opereka ndalama za{12}mapulojekiti omwe atsala pang'ono kutha.
Maziko omwe adayikidwa amasokonekera pazomwe zatumizidwa posachedwa. Pafupifupi 70% ya omwe alipo pano aku US adabwera pa intaneti zaka ziwiri zapitazi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti machitidwe ambiri akadali akadali achichepere, sanakumane ndi zovuta zazikulu, ndipo akutsimikizira malingaliro ogwirira ntchito. Kupulumuka kwa mapulojekiti otumidwa kumaposa 98%-ndi makina ochepa okha omwe alephera kapena kuthetsedwa.
Kukula kwa polojekiti kwawonjezeka kwambiri. Mu 2020, ntchito yayikulu kwambiri yaku US inali 40 MW. Pofika 2024, ma projekiti angapo adapitilira 300 MW. Malo a Gemini Solar Plus Storage ku Nevada amaphatikiza solar 690 MW ndi 380 MW / 1,416 MWh yosungirako pansi pa mgwirizano wazaka 25 wogula magetsi. Pamuyeso uwu, kusungirako batire kumakhala ngati "baseload" mphamvu yomwe ogwiritsa ntchito grid angadalire pakugwira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.
Kukhazikika kwa malo kumawonetsa kuthandizira kwa mfundo ndi momwe msika ukuyendera. California ili ndi 12.5 GW, Texas 8 GW-maboma awiriwa amapanga 78% ya mphamvu za US. Koma kutumizidwa kukukulirakulira. Florida, Arizona, Nevada, ndi New York ali ndi mapaipi ambiri. Ngakhale madera omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala a malasha{10}akukonza zosungirako{11}}Indiana, Kentucky, ndi West Virginia ali ndi mapulojekiti osiyanasiyana.
Njira zotumizira anthu padziko lonse lapansi zimasiyana malinga ndi dera. Europe idawonjezera mphamvu ya 21 GWh mu 2024, kufikira 61 GWh yoyikidwa, Germany ndi Italy iliyonse ikupereka pafupifupi 6 GWh. China imalamulira ziwerengero zenizeni, ndikuyika mphamvu zofanana ndi dziko lonse lapansi pamodzi. Asia Pacific idachita 46.6% ya msika wapadziko lonse wa grid-m'chaka cha 2024. Gawo lazamagetsi ku Japan lakulitsa mphamvu zowonjezedwanso ndi 30% m'zaka zisanu, zomwe zikupangitsa kuchuluka kwazinthu zosungirako.
Magawo a nyumba ndi mabizinesi akuwonetsa njira zosiyanasiyana zotengera. Malo osungiramo nyumba aku US akadali ang'onoang'ono poyerekeza ndi zofunikira-koma akukula kwambiri m'maboma okhala ndi mitengo yokwera kwambiri ya magetsi, nthawi-ya-yomwe akugwiritsa ntchito, kapena kuzimitsa pafupipafupi. Makina amayambira 5-15 kWh, ophatikizidwa ndi solar yapadenga kuti azitha kudzigwiritsa ntchito okha komanso kupereka mphamvu zosunga zobwezeretsera. Kuika zinthu zamalonda (30 kWh - 2,000 kWh) kumayang'ana kwambiri kuchepetsa mtengo wa ndalama zomwe anthu amafuna komanso kudalirika, pomwe masamba ena akutenga nawo gawo pamapulogalamu omwe akufuna kuti apeze ndalama zowonjezera.
Zitsanzo Zachuma Zatsimikiziridwa Kuti Zingatheke
Mtengo wochulukitsidwa wosungira mphamvu-mtengo wochepera wofunikira kuti muchepetse nthawi yonse yamagetsi-wayamba kupikisana ndi zinthu wamba. Utility-LCOE yosungirako zosungirako zidatsika kufika $104/MWh mu 2024, kutsika ndi 33% kuchokera mu 2023. Zoyerekeza zikuwonetsa kuti LCOE ifika $53/MWh pofika 2035, pafupifupi theka lamitengo yapano. Pamigawo iyi, kusungirako kumapikisana pazachuma ndi zomera zochulukira kwambiri gasi ngakhale osaganizira mtengo wa kaboni kapena mapindu ophatikizananso.
Ndalama zamapulojekiti zakula kwambiri. Mabanki akulu ndi osunga ndalama m'mabungwe tsopano akumvetsetsa kuwopsa kwa batire ndikubweza, kupereka ndalama zangongole panjira yoyenera. Izi zikuyimira kusintha kwakukulu kuchokera ku 2018-2020 pomwe mapulojekiti ambiri amafunikira ndalama zotsika mtengo zamagulu kapena mapepala oyendetsera ntchito. Ndalama zosungirako mabatire zidapitilira $ 5 biliyoni mu 2022, pafupifupi katatu chaka chatha.
Chinsinsi chandalama ndi kulosera kwachuma. Mapulojekiti okhala ndi-makontrakitala anthawi yayitali-zolipira mphamvu, mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu, mapangano ogula magetsi-angathe kupeza ngongole ya projekiti pa chiwongola dzanja cha 5-7%. Ma projekiti amalonda omwe amadalira kutenga nawo gawo pamsika wamba amakumana ndi zovuta zambiri koma amatha kulemba motengera momwe mitengo ikuyendera. Zaka zingapo zogwirira ntchito zapatsa obwereketsa chidaliro pamachitidwe adongosolo ndi ziwopsezo.
Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito malonda ndi mafakitale, malingaliro amtengo wapatali amapitirira kupitirira mtengo wamagetsi. Malo ambiri amagwira ntchito pansi pa mitengo yotsika yomwe imapereka mitengo yotsika kuti avomereze kuchepetsedwa kwa ntchito. Kusungirako kwa batri kumawathandiza kuti azitha kusunga ndalamazi pamene akukhalabe odalirika pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zosungidwa panthawi yochepetsera. Kuphatikiza kungachepetse mtengo wamagetsi ndi 20-30% ndikuwongolera mphamvu zamagetsi.
Chuma cha nyumba zogona chimadalira kwambiri mitengo yazinthu zam'deralo ndi zolimbikitsa. M'misika yomwe ili ndi nthawi yayitali-ya{2}}kusiyanitsidwa kwamitengo (kutsika{3}}kufikira pa{4}}chiyerekezo chamitengo yoposa 3:1), makina osungira ophatikizidwa ndi solar amatha kubweza ndalama zosachepera zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. 30 % ya ngongole ya msonkho ku federal imachulukitsa kubweza mwachangu-ka $15,000 system imalandira $4,500 mumakirediti. Zothandizira zina zimapereka zowonjezera zowonjezera kapena zolimbikitsira ntchito zomwe zimapititsa patsogolo chuma.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Kodi makina osungira mabatire amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Makina amakono a lifiyamu-amaonedwa kuti ndi ovomerezeka kwa zaka 10-15 ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi 80% ya mphamvu yoyambira pakatha 5,000-10,000 yolipiritsa. Kutalika kwenikweni kwa moyo kumadalira chemistry (LFP imatenga nthawi yayitali kuposa NMC), kutentha kwa ntchito, komanso momwe batire imatulutsira mozama kuzungulira kulikonse. Makina opanga ma gridi amagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yoyendetsera batire yomwe imakulitsa moyo wautali-nthawi zina kuchepetsa ndalama kuti iwonjezere moyo wothandiza. Njira zoyendetsera njinga tsiku lililonse zimafunikira kusinthidwa pambuyo pa zaka 10-12, ngakhale chosinthira ndi zamagetsi zingafunike ntchito nthawiyo isanachitike.
Nchiyani chimachitikira mabatire kumapeto-pa-moyo?
Kubwezeretsanso mabatire kwakhala bizinesi yomwe ikukula, kukonzanso lithiamu, cobalt, faifi tambala, ndi zida zina zofunika. Zobwezerezedwanso zikubweza 90-95% ya zida za batri. Komabe, zobwezeretsanso sizinakwaniritsidwe chifukwa mabatire ambiri a lithiamu-ayioni omwe aikidwa m'zaka khumi zapitazi akugwirabe ntchito. Makampaniwa akuyembekeza kuti mabatire achulukanso{{6}amoyo wonse pakatha chaka cha 2030 pamene makina osungira zinthu zakale a EV ndi grid atha ntchito. Mabatire ena omwe sakukwaniritsa zofunikira za gridi atha kusinthidwanso kuti akagwiritse ntchito movutikira asanawakonzenso komaliza.
Kodi makina osungira mabatire ndi otetezeka kuyika pafupi ndi nyumba kapena mabizinesi?
Mabatire amakono amaphatikizapo zigawo zingapo zachitetezo zomwe zachepetsa kwambiri ngozi zamoto. Kusintha kwa chemistry ya LFP kwakhala kofunika kwambiri-maselowa amakhala okhazikika kuposa ma nickel-otengera njira zina. Makina opangidwa bwino amaphatikiza kuwongolera kutentha, kuzindikira gasi, kuzimitsa moto, ndi kuthekera kochotsa mwadzidzidzi. Kuchuluka kwa zochitikazo kwatsikira ku zochitika za 0.03 pa GW ya mphamvu yoyikapo, ndipo zolephera zambiri zimaphatikizapo kulamulira zamagetsi m'malo mwa maselo a batri okha. Maofesi ozimitsa moto m'deralo nthawi zambiri amawona ndondomeko zachitetezo pazikhazikitso zazikulu ndikuchita nawo maphunziro okhudzana ndi ngozi.
Kodi kusunga batire kungagwire ntchito pakatentha kwambiri?
Magwiridwe a batri amasiyanasiyana ndi kutentha, koma machitidwe amakono amaphatikizapo kasamalidwe kake katenthedwe kamene kamakhala ndi machitidwe abwino ogwiritsira ntchito. Makina ambiri a lithiamu-amagwira ntchito mu madigiri -20 kufika ku +45 m'malo ozungulira, pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha ndi kuziziritsa pakufunika. Nyengo zozizira kwambiri zimafuna kusungunula ndi kutenthetsa zinthu. Kutentha kwambiri kumafuna kuzizirira kokwanira. Makina oyendetsera kutenthawa amawononga mphamvu, amachepetsa magwiridwe antchito pamikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri. Malo ena amagwiritsa ntchito kusungirako mphamvu zotentha (kusungira kutentha / kuziziritsa) pambali pa mabatire amagetsi kuti achepetse vutoli.
Kodi mabatire amayenera kulandira zolimbikitsa zofanana ndi ma sola?
The Inflation Reduction Act inakulitsa 30% ya msonkho wa ndalama ku federal ku makina osungira mabatire, kusintha kwakukulu kuchokera ku malamulo akale omwe amafunikira malo a solar{1}}. Ngongoleyi imagwira ntchito pamakina okhala (osachepera 3 kWh mphamvu) ndi machitidwe azamalonda, omwe amapezeka kuti akhazikitsidwe mpaka 2032, kenako akutsika pang'onopang'ono. Maboma ambiri amapereka zolimbikitsa zina-pulogalamu ya California ya SGIP, New York's storage incentives, ndi Massachusetts's SMART program all provide performance{{7}based payments. Zolimbikitsazi zimatha kulipira 30-50% yamitengo yonse yadongosolo ikaphatikizidwa ndi ngongole za federal.
Kodi mtengo wa batri umafanana bwanji ndi majenereta osunga zobwezeretsera?
Mitengo yam'tsogolo yamabatire nthawi zambiri imakhala 2-3x ya majenereta a dizilo pa kW imodzi. Jenereta ya 20 kW ikhoza kuwononga $ 8,000-12,000 yoikidwa, pamene batire yofananira imawononga $20,000-30,000. Komabe, mabatire alibe ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito (palibe mafuta, kukonza pang'ono) ndipo amatha kupanga ndalama pochepetsa mtengo wamagetsi kapena ntchito za gridi. Pazaka 10, mtengo wonse wa umwini nthawi zambiri umakomera mabatire, makamaka pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi. Mabatire amasinthanso nthawi yomweyo, amapereka mphamvu zoyeretsera zamagetsi, ndipo amagwira ntchito mwakachetechete popanda kutulutsa mpweya. Malo ambiri tsopano akuyika mabatire kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pafupipafupi ndi ma jenereta ngati zosunga zobwezeretsera kuti azizima nthawi yayitali.
Madalaivala Ofunika Kukhazikitsa
Mlandu wa kusungirako batire ukukhazikika pakusintha zinthu zaukadaulo, zachuma, ndi mfundo osati chifukwa chimodzi chokakamiza. Kutsitsa kwamitengo kwachotsa zotchinga zakale-zimene zimawononga $2,571/kWh mu 2010 tsopano zimawononga $165/kWh, ndipo dziko la China likupeza ndalama zosachepera $100/kWh. Kutsika kwa 90%+ kumeneku kunasintha kwambiri mawerengedwe a zachuma pamapulogalamu onse.
Ogwiritsa ntchito ma gridi amafunika mwachangu-zithandizo zochitirapo kanthu kuti akhalebe okhazikika pamene zongowonjezedwanso zilowa m'malo mwa zomera wamba. Kusungirako mabatire kumapereka kuyankha pafupipafupi komanso thandizo lamagetsi kuposa ukadaulo wina uliwonse. Kutha kusintha kuchoka pa standby kupita ku mphamvu zonse mkati mwa sekondi imodzi kumapangitsa kusungirako kukhala kofunikira kwambiri pazovuta za grid.
Kuphatikizika kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwwdwa kumapangitsa kuti magetsi azifunikanso nthawi-yosintha. Madzuwa ndi mphepo nthawi zambiri samagwirizana ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Popanda kusungirako, ma grids amawononga mphamvu zongowonjezwwdwanso kudzera mukuchepetsa kwinaku akuwotcha mafuta oyambira pazaka zambiri. Battery yosungirako imatenga mphamvu iyi-yotayika ndikuyigwiritsanso ntchito ikafunika, ndikupangitsa kuti zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Malo a zamalonda ndi mafakitale amatengera malo osungira zinthu pazifukwa zachuma-kuchepetsa mtengo wokwera mtengo, kutsitsa nthawi-ya-kugula zinthu, ndi kutulutsa ndalama zomwe zimafunikira. Ubwino wodalirika umapereka phindu lowonjezera, makamaka pamachitidwe omwe kuzimitsa kumabweretsa zotayika kwambiri. Kuphatikiza kupulumutsa ndalama ndi kuchepetsa chiopsezo nthawi zambiri kumalungamitsa ndalama popanda kuganizira za chilengedwe.
Thandizo la ndondomeko kudzera mu ngongole za msonkho, udindo wogula zinthu, ndi kusintha kwa msika kwathandizira kukhazikitsidwa mwa kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa ndalama ndi kufotokozera mwayi wopeza ndalama. 30% ya ngongole ya msonkho ya boma yokhayo yafupikitsa nthawi yobweza ndi 3-zaka 5 pamapulojekiti ambiri. Mapulogalamu apamwamba a boma amapanga misika yotsimikizika yomwe imathandiza kuthandizira ndalama za polojekiti.
Ukadaulo pawokha ukupitiriza kupititsa patsogolo-moyo wotalikirapo, chitetezo chabwino, kutsika mtengo, ndi luso lophatikizana bwino. Kutukuka kumeneku kumachulukirachulukira pakapita nthawi, zomwe zimapangitsa makina omwe adakhazikitsidwa masiku ano kukhala abwino kwambiri kuposa azaka zingapo zapitazo. Kuwongolerako sikukuwonetsa kuchedwetsa, pomwe ma chemistry ena amalonjeza zabwino zambiri pazogwiritsa ntchito zina.
Kuyang'ana manambala otumizidwa, a US adawonjezera 10.4 GW mu 2024 ndikukonzekera 19.6 GW mu 2025. California ili ndi 12.5 GW yoikidwa, Texas 8 GW. Awa si mapulojekiti oyesera oyesera{9}awa ndi machitidwe amalonda{10}}opereka mtengo woyezera kwa ogwiritsira ntchito gridi, othandizira, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi. Mapaipi a 143 GW mpaka 2030 akuwonetsa kukula kokhazikika kutengera chuma chomwe chatsimikizika m'malo mongoyerekeza.
Mfundo yofunika kwambiri yoyendetsa galimoto ndi yothandiza. Makina osungira mabatire amathetsa mavuto enieni-kusokonekera kwa gridi, kuchepetsedwa komwe kungangowonjezeke, mtengo wofunidwa, kutsika kwamitengo-popanga zobweza zoyezeka. Pomwe mitengo ikupitilira kutsika ndikuchulukirachulukira, funso limasintha kuchoka pa "chifukwa chiyani mugwiritse ntchito kusungirako batri" kupita "komwe pulogalamuyo imatsimikizira izi poyamba."